E.S. Zenchuk, B.G. Potievsky, V.I. Potievskaya, A.Ya. Chizhov

M.S. Gromov, I.V. Terekhov, S.S. Bondar, M.A. Dzuba, N.P. Morozova, V.I. Petrosyan, S.A. Dubovickiy, S.V. Vlaskin, B.L. Dyaghilev, V.V. Arzhnikov

A.G. Zhukova, E.V. Ulanova, D.A. Shcherbakova, T.K. Yadykina

Ya. A. Kainov, I.B. Zborovskaya

S.I. Krasikov, A.N. Tinkov, A.A. Tinkov, O.V. Zakharova, N.V. Sharapova, M.G. Skalnaya

A.Yu. Terekhov, E.O. Sergeeva, L.A. Sadjaya, I.N. Dyakova, I.V. Duchanina, N.S. Lyakhova

A.Yu. Terekhov

P.N. Savilov, D.V. Molchanov, V.N. Yakovlev

E.O. Danchenko

V.N. Blindar, G.N. Zubrikhina

I.N. Zakharova, N.A. Korovina, Yu. A. Dmitrieva

S.D. Mikhailova, N.P. Mikaelyan, T.M. Semushkina, A.V. Sokolov, G.I. Storojacov, A.E. Gurina

G. M. Alakoz - Dr.Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Russian Academy of Rocket and Artillery Sciences Councilor. E-mail: gen1nor2@gmail.com
A. V. Kotov - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of behavior System Researches Department, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of normal physiology of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Head of normal physiology department in IME (Institute of Medical Education) in Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University. E-mail: lab_motiv@mail.ru
T. N. Loseva - Ph.D. (Med.), Leading Research Scientist of Motivation Physiology Laboratory, P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology of Russian Academy of Medical. Sciences. E-mail: lab_motiv@mail.ru

T. V. Vinogradova - Ph.D. (Biol.), Senior Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg
N. N. Klyueva - Ph.D. (Biol.), Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg. E-mail: nnklyueva@gmail.com
A. G. Pshenichnaya - Junior Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg
A. G. Kusov - Ph.D. (Med.), Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg
G. В. Beznin - Junior Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg N. G. Nikulcheva - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Leading Research Scientist, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg S. G. Tsikunov - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Experimental Medicine» under the North-West Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint-Petersburg

W.G. Degtiar - Ph.D. (Chem.), Leading Research Scientist, Russian Cancer Research Center of N.N. Blokhin Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
N.E. Kushlinskii - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Russian Cancer Research Center of N.N. Blokhin Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow, Russia). E-mail: biochimia@mtu-net.ru

Leonora Grinio - Dr. Sc. (Med.), The Russian Republic Reabilitation Centre «Childhood», Department of Neurology (Russia, Moscow). E-mail: griniol@yandex.ru

M.G. Skalnaya - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Orenburg State University; Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow) The article opens a series of reviews on the biological role of essential trace elements. This communication is devoted to copper. There considered recent and fundamental data on its participation in physiological processes, metabolism, routes and volumes of entering to the body, relation to various diseases, medical applications. Copper comes into the body mainly with food. In the gastrointestinal tract up to 95% of the ingested copper is absorbed. Divalent copper is absorbed better. Optimum copper intake for humans is 2-3 mg/day. Leading role in copper metabolism belongs to liver. Copper is a vital element that is included in vitamins, hormones, enzymes, respiratory pigments, is involved in various metabolic processes, tissue respiration, promotes iron absorption. It is believed that, several billion people on the planet suffer from copper deficiency in varying degree. Copper deficiency is associated with the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, impaired reproductive function. Decrease of body copper is associated with diseases of the immune system, reduction of leukocytes, neutrophils, decline of antioxidant defense. Most commonly copper deficiency results from its insufficient nutritional intake. However, it can also arise from genetic disturbances, such as Wilson's disease, Menkes disease and Aceruloplasminemia. Copper level in human body is estimated by results of blood, urine, hair investigations, as well as by determination of serum ceruloplasmin and activity of copper containing enzymes. Laboratory detection of deviations in copper metabolism is an indication for pharmacological and nutraceutical correction using products which contains copper or influences its metabolism. A.V. Skalny - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, General Director of UNESCO Institute of Trace Elements (Lyon, France); Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia); Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, P.G.Demidov Yaroslavl State University (Yaroslavl, Russia)

M.G. Skalnaya - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Orenburg State University; Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow)
A.V. Skalny - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, General Director of UNESCO Institute of Trace Elements (Lyon, France); Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia); Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University (Yaroslavl, Russia)

M.G. Skalnaya - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Orenburg State University; Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow) A.V. Skalny - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, General Director of UNESCO Institute of Trace Elements (Lyon, France); Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia); Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University (Yaroslavl, Russia)

E.V. Strukova - Research Scientist, Research and Production Biomedical Center «INDIVID», Moscow E-mail: strucbox@yandex.ru A.A. Nazarov - General Director, «Stelmas-D», Moscow E-mail: nazarov@stelmas.ru G.P. Gulidova - Dr.Sc. (Boil.), General Director, Head of Laboratory of Endogenous Regulation, Research and Production Biomedical Center «INDIVID», Moscow E-mail: argum@yandex.ru

A.A. Markin – 

Ph.D. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of Laboratory of medical Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology,  Russian Federation State Scientific Centre – Institute for Biomedical Problems of the RAS (Moscow)  E-mail: andre_markine@mail.ru

О.А. Zhuravleva – 

Ph.D. (Med.), Leader Research Scientist, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology Russian Federation State Scientific Centre – Institute for Biomedical Problems of the RAS (Moscow) E-mail: juravlyovabc@mail.ru

D.S. Kuzichkin – 

Ph.D. (Biol.), Senior Research Scientist, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology,  Russian Federation State Scientific Centre – Institute for Biomedical Problems of the RAS (Moscow) E-mail: dmitry161985@mail.ru

T.A. Smirnova – 

Ph.D. (Med.), Leader Research Scientist, Office of the Academic Councils and Postgraduate Study, 

Russian Federation State Scientific Centre – Institute for Biomedical Problems of the RAS (Moscow) E-mail: smirnova@imbp.ru

L.A. Zvenigorodskaya –
D. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Leading Research Scientist, Endocrinology Service of the Moscow Clinical Scientific Center n.a. А.S Loginov of the Moscow City Health Department
A.E. Lychkova –
D. Sc. (Med.), Head of Department of Moscow Clinical Scientific Center n.a. А.S Loginov of the Moscow City Health Department
E-mail address: lychkova@mail.ru

Yu.M. Rybin1, I.M. Ageev2, V.K. Novikov3

1,2 MAI (Moscow, Russia)

3 Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after N.V. Sklifosovsky (Moscow, Russia)

T.Ya. Korchina1, V.I. Korchin2

1,2 Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy (HMGMA) (Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia)

I.M. Larina1, A.G. Goncharova2, L.H. Pastushkova3, D.N. Kashirina4,
A.N. Chebotok5, A.S. Kononikhin6, A.G. Břosovsky7, E.A. Ilyin8

1–8 State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation – Institute of Medical and Biological Problems
of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)

A.A. Anisochkin1, A.V. Baldin2, D.M. Zhuk3, A.V. Koptelov4, K.V. Kucherov5, M.V. Malichevsky6, D.S. Markov7, A.Y. Spasenov8

1 Government healthcare institution "Shchekinskaya District Hospital" (Shchekino, Tula region, Russia)

2,3,5,8 Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

4,7 State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of Moscow State Clinical Hospital № 67
named after L.A. Vorokhobov of the Moscow Department of Health (Moscow, Russia)

6 Ministry of Health of the Tula region (Tula, Russia)

S.V. Notova1, O.V. Marshinskaia2, T.V. Kazakova3, N.N. Tupikova4

1–3 Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia)

2,3 Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the RAS (Orenburg, Russia)

4 Orenburg Institute of Samara State University of Railway Transport (Orenburg, Russia)

M.I. Sharifov1, T.Ya. Korchina2, V.I. Korchin3

1–3 Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy – HMGMA (Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia)

1 mamed_sharifov@mail.ru, 2 t.korchina@mail.ru, 3 vikhmgmi@mail.ru