M.G. Skalnaya - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Orenburg State University; Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow) A.V. Skalny - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, General Director of UNESCO Institute of Trace Elements (Lyon, France); Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia); Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University (Yaroslavl, Russia)

The article continues a series of reviews on the biological role of essential trace elements. This communication is devoted to manganese. There considered recent and fundamental data on its participation in physiological processes, metabolism, routes and volumes of entering to the body, relation to various diseases, medical applications. Manganese is an essential trace element for humans. Is has close relationship with transport of iron. It is a part of key enzyme systems in the CNS, is involved in the functioning of body\'s antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, maintaining the function of the musculoskeletal system, immune and reproductive systems, is involved in detoxification, in particular, of ammonia. In excessive concentrations manganese shows toxic properties, especially against the CNS, resulting in neurological disorders. The minimum requirement for manganese is 0.74 mg/day or 10.8 mg/kg body weight. It was found that manganese deficiency is accompanied by impaired growth and development, impaired formation of bone and cartilage tissue, adipose tissue, impaired glucose tolerance, reduced fertility. Suboptimal levels of manganese occur at epilepsy, osteoporosis, Perthes disease, insufficient exocrine pancreatic function, phenylketonuria, in patients on hemodialysis. Manganese deficiency can play a role in carcinogenesis, in particular in predisposition to development of breast cancer in women. Excessive intake of manganese affects the hypothalamic-pituitary system, accompanied by a decrease in the dopamine production. Literature discusses the potential role of manganese metabolism disorders in the pathogenesis of such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer\'s disease, ALS, prion disease. Manganese accumulation in the brain can lead to degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra and to development of Parkinson\'s disease. To detect manganese deficiency it is advisable to investigate blood serum, while to evaluate the toxic effects - whole blood (preferably), serum and urine. Analysis of hair or nails is appropriate for complex studies of trace element exchange, toxicological, environmental or sanitary surveys.

 

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