N.V. Tolmacheva

S.I. Krasikov, A.N. Tinkov, A.A. Tinkov, O.V. Zakharova, N.V. Sharapova, M.G. Skalnaya

I.E. Ivanova, I.N. Sergeeva, A.V. Skalny

A.D. Fesyun, A.V. Skalny, E.V. Lakarova, B. Momchilovich

A.A. Ivanenko, N.B. Ivanenko, N.D. Solovyev, I.V. Blazhennikova

T.I. Burtseva, M.G. Skalniy, N.V. Malisheva, O.I. Burlutskaya, O.O. Frolova

L.A. Kovalchuk, L.V. Chernaya, E.S. Nokhrina

L.M. Badretdinova, E.V. Lakarova, M.G. Skalnaya, R.R. Badretdinov, A.R. Grabeklis

Sh.G. Rakhmatullin, S.A. Miroshnikov, S.V. Lebedev, O.Yu. Sipaylova, O.V. Kvan

I.V. Radysh, V.D. Brunin, T.N. Umnova

S.V. Miroshnikov, S.V. Notova, O.V. Kvan

M.G. Skal-naya, V.V. Yurasov, V.A. Demidov

E.A. Lugovaya, A.L. Maximov

V.A. Demidov, A.V. Skalny

F.Y. Daurova, T.N. Umnova

I.V. Radysh, V.B. Brunin, S.M. Semyatov, T.L. Botasheva

D.V. Brunin

I.V. Radysh - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the EAR, Head the management of the nursing activities Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR). E-mail: iradysh@mail.ru
D.V. Brunin - Ph.D. (Med.), Senior Lecturer in nursing management activities Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR). E-mail: brunina77@rambler.ru
V.V. Skalny - Ph.D. (Med.), Assistant Professor of nursing management activities Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR). E-mail: vskalny@gmail.com

I.P. Zaitseva - Ph.D. (Biol.), P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
Yu.N. Lobanova - Ph.D. (Biol.), ANO «Centre for Biotic Medicine», Moscow, Russia
A.V. Skalny - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, ANO «Centre for Biotic Medicine», Moscow, Russia
E.S. Berezkina - Ph.D. (Biol.), Russian Society of Medical elementology, Moscow, Russia

A. H. Tambiev - Dr.Sc.(Biol.), Professor, Biology Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow

V.A. Dudelzon - Post-graduate Student, Department of Management of Nursing Activities, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow
I.V. Radysh - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Academician REA, Head of the Department Management of Nursing Activities, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow. E-mail: iradysh@mail.ru

E.A. Lugovaya - Ph.D. (Biol.), Academic Secretary, Scientific-research centre «Arktika» FEB RAS, Magadan (SRC «Arktika» FEB RAS). E-mail: elena_plant@mail.ru
E.M. Stepanova - Scientist, Scientific-research centre «Arktika» FEB RAS, Magadan (SRC «Arktika» FEB RAS). E-mail: arktika.magadan@mail.ru

E.A. Lugovaya - Ph.D. (Biol.), Scientific - Research Center «Arktika» FEB RAS, Magadan, Russia
E.M. Stepanova - Scientist, Scientific - Research Center «Arktika» FEB RAS, Magadan, Russia

M.G. Skalnaya - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Orenburg State University; Center for Biotic Medicine (Moscow) The article opens a series of reviews on the biological role of essential trace elements. This communication is devoted to copper. There considered recent and fundamental data on its participation in physiological processes, metabolism, routes and volumes of entering to the body, relation to various diseases, medical applications. Copper comes into the body mainly with food. In the gastrointestinal tract up to 95% of the ingested copper is absorbed. Divalent copper is absorbed better. Optimum copper intake for humans is 2-3 mg/day. Leading role in copper metabolism belongs to liver. Copper is a vital element that is included in vitamins, hormones, enzymes, respiratory pigments, is involved in various metabolic processes, tissue respiration, promotes iron absorption. It is believed that, several billion people on the planet suffer from copper deficiency in varying degree. Copper deficiency is associated with the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, impaired carbohydrate tolerance, impaired reproductive function. Decrease of body copper is associated with diseases of the immune system, reduction of leukocytes, neutrophils, decline of antioxidant defense. Most commonly copper deficiency results from its insufficient nutritional intake. However, it can also arise from genetic disturbances, such as Wilson's disease, Menkes disease and Aceruloplasminemia. Copper level in human body is estimated by results of blood, urine, hair investigations, as well as by determination of serum ceruloplasmin and activity of copper containing enzymes. Laboratory detection of deviations in copper metabolism is an indication for pharmacological and nutraceutical correction using products which contains copper or influences its metabolism. A.V. Skalny - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, General Director of UNESCO Institute of Trace Elements (Lyon, France); Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University (Orenburg, Russia); Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, P.G.Demidov Yaroslavl State University (Yaroslavl, Russia)

A.A. Skalny - Post-graduate Student, Federal State Institution of Science «Institute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency», St. Petersburg. E-mail: scalny@rambler.ru M.V. Melikhova - Leading Research Scientist, Federal State Institution of Science «Institute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency», St. Petersburg. E-mail: melihovamarina@inbox.ru E.Yu. Bonitenko - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Director, Federal State Institution of Science «Institute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency», St. Petersburg. E-mail: eu_bonitenko@toxicology.ru A.V. Skalny - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Leading Research Scientist, Federal State Institution of Science «Institute of Toxicology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency», St. Petersburg; Director, Federal State Educational Government-financed Institution of Higher Professional Education «Orenburg State University», Orenburg. E-mail: skalny3@microelements.ru M.G. Skalnaya - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Federal State Educational Government-financed Institution of Higher Professional Education «Orenburg State University», Orenburg; Senior Research Scientist, State Scientific Institution «All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding», Orenburg. E-mail: skalnaya@yandex.ru S.A. Miroshnikov - Dr.Sc. (Biol.), Professor, Director, Federal State Educational Government-financed Institution of Higher Professional Education «Orenburg State University», Orenburg; Director, State Scientific Institution «All-Russian Research Institute of Beef Cattle Breeding», Orenburg. E-mail: vniims.or@mail.ru

S.V. Notova - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, Orenburg State University. E-mail: snotova@mail.ru A.A. Slobodskov - Post-graduate Student, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Orenburg State University. E-mail: andreislobodskov@mail.ru

A.A. Skalny - Physician, ANO «Centre for Biotic Medicine», Moscow. E-mail: andrey_sk@microelements.ru A.A. Tinkov - Ph.D. (Med.), Assistant, Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia; Researcher, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Applied Bioelementology, Yaroslavl State UniversityYaroslavl, Russia. E-mail: tinkov.a.a@gmail.com Yu. S. Medvedeva - Research Scientist, Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia I.B. Alchinova - Research Scientist, Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia O.P. Ajsuvakova - Ph.D. (Chem), Assistant, Department of Chemistry, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Sovetskaya. E-mail: oajsuvakova@gmail.com E.Yu. Bonitenko - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Director of Federal State Scientific Institution «Institute of Toxicology», Federal Medico-Biological Agency, St. Petersburg, Russia M.Yu. Karganov - Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Professor, Head of Laboratory of Physicochemical and Ecological Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: mkarganov@mail.ru A.A. Nikonorov - Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department of Biochemistry, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia. E-mail: nikonorov_all@mail.ru M.G. Skalnyay - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Directir of ANO «Centre for Biotic Medicine», Moscow Yu.N. Lobanova - Ph.D. (Biol.), Deputy Head of Department of Laboratory of LLC «Micronutrients»

I.V. Radysh - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the EAR, Head of Department of the Management of the Nursing Activities, Peoples\' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow E-mail: iradysh@mail.ru T.N. Umnova - Ph.D. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Management of Nursing Activities, Peoples\' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow E-mail: 2109utn@gmail.com V.V. Skalny - Ph.D. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Department of the Management of the Nursing Activities, Peoples\' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow E-mail: vskalny@gmail.com B.B. Radysh - Dr.Sc. (Med.), Head of Department of Gerontology, Peoples\' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow E-mail: bobrat@rambler.ru A.M. Khodorovich - Ph.D. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of the Management of the Nursing Activities, Peoples\' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow E-mail: khodorovich@mail.ru

S.V. Notova – 

Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, First Deputy Director, Federal Research Center for Biological Systems  and Agrotechnologies of RAS (Orenburg)

E-mail: snotova@mail.ru

L.V. Lizyrchik – 

Gynecologist, Regional Clinical Hospital №2 Perinatal Centre (Orenburg); 

Research Scientist of Federal Research Center for Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of RAS (Orenburg) E-mail: lizurchik@mail.ru

O.V. Marshinskaya – 

Junior Research Scientist, Federal Research Center for Biological Systems  and Agrotechnologies of RAS (Orenburg) E-mail: m.olja2013@yandex.ru

T.V. Kazakova – 

Junior Research Scientist, Federal Research Center for Biological Systems  and Agrotechnologies of RAS E-mail: vaisvais13@mail.ru