E.А. Kobets1

1 «Baltic State Technical University» BSTU “VOENMEH” named after D.F. Ustinov (Saint-Petersburg, Russia)
1 www.kobets@yandex.com

Introduction to the problem. Modeling of modern Information-Measuring and Control Systems (IMCS), solving a wide circle of applied tasks of the space direction, it represents a difficult complex of hardware and software tools, that provide the creation and exploitation of complex IMCS in the process of their long life cycle.

One of the key stages of such the life cycle is considered the design of the IMCS and its elements, which requires a clear formulation of the tasks to be solved by the system, their mutual connection, coordination of the efforts of many large teams of specialists of various profiles, the coherention of the initial data and research methods, identification of methods and rules for evaluating results, decision-making systems.

The complexity of the design process, the objectivity and subjectivity of the real (actual) conditions and relationships between the executors often leads to erroneous intermediate conclusions and decisions, which, in turn, seriously affects the quality of project implementation and its duration.

To avoid the development of events in an undesirable direction, modern Russian and world science offers a developed toolkit based on flexible project management methods (FPMM) in the process of mathematical modeling of complex IMCS and their subsequent implementation.

A number of basic works with the participation of the author are devoted to the development of the concept of using FPMM in relation to solving a number of applied problems of remote sensing of the Earth [1, 2].

The problem statement. In the process of further development and advancement of the concept of using FPMM for modeling complex (global) IMCS there are several serious problems, which must be solved (arise) in order to high efficiency of execution and quality of project creation. Around such problems are the following can be named:

1. Problems in the field of the project management process itself (as part of the creation of flexible methods), which are related to the following factors:

the presence of fuzzy logic (for example: in terms), which arises when described in current documents establishing rules in the field of management, and separately when using FPMM, which is expressed at the international level by the guidelines: Scrum [3], Kanban [4];

the lack or insufficient completeness and transparency of the initial data for the start of the design;

the lack of a multi-criteria assessment (for example: the level of competence of the project participants; in the process of analyzing and agreeing on the interim and final results of the project);

difficulties in using international experience (for example: in the necessary adaptation of international requirements to national ones, and/or their harmonization).

2. Problems in the field of providing (support) applied tasks for space research, for example: in the direction of Earth remote sensing, which are related to, that in the normative-legal documents reflect the basic requirements to the implementation of industry activities:

in the convention [5] and principles [6] at the international level;

in GOSTs [7-12] at the national level;

in the Law № 5663-I «On Space activities» [13].

However, they lack a clear, distinctly, exact and presentation of various technical and tactical-technical characteristics, which are clearly perceived for the accurate understanding and implementation of high-quality design (for example: logical).

The content-wise part of the problems under point «2)» is that:

there are not installed (uniform) descriptions of the requirements put forward in the legislative field of the Russian Federation, this can lead to significant systemic, technical (and technological) errors. For example: in obtaining «high-quality and related data» [14] across layers of systems: space information systems; radar and radio navigation systems; environmental and space monitoring; space communications systems; the classification, structure, and clusterization of the IMCS, including the connections and collaborations between different (complex) levels in different control systems, are not defined in these documents, for example: a complex onboard IMCS of a group and/or an separate spacecraft in a specific orbit(s) (transponder, unmanned aerial vehicle) in a model of a Multi-level Orbital Architecture of a complex (global) IMCS.

3. Problems, which may arise from the side of the system of Space apparatuses (SA), in the without of «flexible algorithms» [15–18] and flexible settings by functions. At the same time, there is a risk of errors in the selection of: operating modes, switching time for changing the shooting mode by SA, duration of the Space shooting session and transmission of data packets during the execution of Earth remote sensing tasks, etc.

4. Problems with the operation of automation models with elements of artificial intelligence (AI) in the absence of established unified (uniform) requirements (for example, to: terms and terminology; technical, tactical-technical and other requirements and characteristics, including requirements for «topology» [15–18, 33]).

Also, errors may occur at the stage of automated data processing, for example: radar images and terrain maps during their subsequent assessment and use (for example: by an expert, in artificial intelligence (AI) models) based on technical regulations [19].

A comprehensive solution to the above problems requires researchers to apply an «interdisciplinary approach» to the process of modeling a complex IMСS.

The purpose. Within the of the continuation of research, development and advancement of the concept of using FPMM for modeling complex (global) IMCS the purpose was defined: on the basis of documents in the legislative field of the Russian Federation on the topic «Space research and space systems» within in the framework of space infrastructure modeling, to carry out research using the method of logical modeling in natural language [1, p.: 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 22].

One of the main tasks is to reveal the formulations of terminology, definitions through their comprehension and establishment of relationships (for example: functional, structural, technical), as well as visualization of possible solutions at the stage of logical modeling and description of the results.

The possibility of achieving this purpose and solving the formulated task in this area of research is determined by the prepared analytical and theoretical data, empirical results obtained on the basis of: analysis, synthesis and generalization of data obtained in previous studies [1, 2].

Continuing research and further consideration of issues, achieving the stated purpose and solving the assigned task lies in the field of developing system and subject software at the stage of logical modeling, for subsequent provision of automated software development, in the process of writing software code and with the involvement of AI elements.

From the point of view of designing advanced complex IMCS with using FPMM the formulated purpose and the set task are extremely relevant for the implementation of the proposed and used logical modeling method.

The results. Development completed:

the «step-by-step» systematization algorithm (classification, formalization, clusterization) for the direct representation of the stages in the development of the concept of using flexible project management methods for modeling complex Information-measurement and control system (fig. 1);

based on the original scheme European Space Agency (ESA) preview 2026. Point(s): a) developed: the formalized, supplemented scheme, based on the oral description (citation); b) the original scheme ESA (fig. 2);

the part of the «modules system» segment IMCS a) Calculation peak-loads Module; b) Module of management (fig. 3);

Multi-level orbital Architecture for space apparatus (SA) multi-satellite grouping (satellites, transponders) of the Russian Federation in the «Sun-Earth» system, including: stable triangular Lagrange points L.4 and L.5; examples of orbital transitions and orbital transition point for SA to the functional used (F.v.; F.w.) (fig. 4);

based on «generalized functionality» and «performed functions» & classification of development of SA by the type of functions performed (F) in the software of the Information-measuring and control system, which reside to the spacecraft SA (fig. 5);

the generalized scheme of the system(s) of work of the complex (global) of the IMCS: space apparatus (SA); transponders; UAV's groups; antennas; with different combinations of functions (fig. 6);

of text data, in the legislative field about: «space infrastructure» and «space infrastructure objects», in natural language (tab.), what has been achieved within the framework of a separate the research; the volumes of data and knowledge for the terms «space infrastructure» and «space infrastructure objects» are presented; the exact definition for the term «space infrastructure» is given (taking into account the full scope of the term);

approaches to continuing the research; the problem of the «black box» in the development of the concept, as well as for modeling, was considered: review and analysis; a study of complex systems was carried out; development of a «modular system» was carried out.

The practical significance. All achieved results are necessary for practical implementation. An «interdisciplinary approach», «consistency», and «systematicity» lay the foundation for the: accuracy, completeness, quality, and coherence of data, which, in the field of space research, ensure the next design of a complex IMCS and the formulation of necessary tasks.

Kobets E.А. Development and use of flexible project management methods in the tasks of modeling complex information-measuring and control systems. Part 1. Questions of logical modeling with an interdisciplinary approach // Achievements of modern radioelectronics. 2026. V. 80. № 7. P. 91–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18127/j20700784-202607-09

1. Evseev V.I., Kobecz E.A., Kolachev I.O. Koncepciya ispol`zovaniya gibkix metodov upravleniya proektami primenitel`no k transponderam kak informacionno-izmeritel`ny`m i upravlyayushhim sistemam v zadachax distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli. Chast` 1. Razrabotka i modelirovanie». Informacionno-izmeritel`ny`e i upravlyayushhie sistemy`. 2025. T. 23. № 6. S. 5–33. DOI: 10.18127/j20700814-202506-01 (in Russian).
2. Evseev V.I., Kobecz E.A., Straxov S.Yu. Koncepciya ispol`zovaniya gibkix metodov upravleniya proektami primenitel`no k transponderam kak informacionno-izmeritel`ny`m i upravlyayushhim sistemam v zadachax distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli. Chast` 2. Algoritmizaciya i realizaciya». Informacionno-izmeritel`ny`e i upravlyayushhie sistemy`. 2025. T. 23. № 6. S. 34–49. DOI: 10.18127/j20700814-202506-02 (in Russian).
3. Sutherland J., Schwaber K. Scrum Guides. Home | Scrum Guides. URL: https://scrumguides.org/ (data obrashheniya: 30.01.2026).
4. Kanban Guide. Kanban Guide for Scrum Teams | Scrum.org. URL: https://www.scrum.org/resources/kanban-guide-scrum-teams (data obrashheniya: 30.01.2026).
5. Konvenciya o peredache i ispol`zovanii danny`x distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. [19 maya 1978 g.]. AVP SSSR. Sb. dejstvuyushhix dogovorov, soglashenij i konvencij, zaklyuchenny`x SSSR s inostranny`mi gosudarstvami. M., 1981. Vy`p. XXXV. S. 435–438. E`lektronnaya biblioteka istoricheskix dokumentov. URL: https://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/415156 (data obrashheniya: 30.01.2026) (in Russian).
6. Principy`, kasayushhiesya distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmicheskogo prostranstva. Prinyaty` rezolyuciej 41/65 General`noj Assamblei ot 3 dekabrya 1986 goda. United Nations (UN). URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/
   earth_remote_sensing.shtml (data obrashheniya: 30.01.2026) (in Russian).
7. GOST R 59079-2020 Danny`e distancionnogo zondirovaniya zemli iz kosmosa. Tipy` danny`x distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
8. GOST R 59475-2021 Danny`e distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. Kachestvo danny`x distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. Perechen` pokazatelej kachestva danny`x distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa, poluchaemy`x s kosmicheskix apparatov optiko-e`lektronnogo nablyudeniya v vidimom i blizhnem infrakrasnom diapazone. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
9. GOST R 59830-2021 Distancionnoe zondirovanie Zemli iz kosmosa. Danny`e distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. Perechen` potrebitel`skix xarakteristik danny`x, poluchaemy`x s kosmicheskix apparatov optiko-e`lektronnogo nablyudeniya v vidimom i infrakrasnom diapazone. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
10. GOST R 70156-2022 Distancionnoe zondirovanie Zemli iz kosmosa. Kosmicheskie sistemy` distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli. Tipovy`e rezhimy` s``emki kosmicheskogo apparata radiolokacionnogo nablyudeniya. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
11. GOST R 70666-2023 Distancionnoe zondirovanie Zemli iz kosmosa. Kosmicheskie sistemy` distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli. Pokazateli proizvoditel`nosti. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
12. GOST R 70777-2023 Distancionnoe zondirovanie Zemli iz kosmosa. Kosmicheskie sistemy` distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli. Poryadok celevogo primeneniya. Federal`noe agentstvo po texnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologii v seti Internet. URL: www.gost.ru (data obrashheniya: 26.12.2025) (in Russian).
13. Zakon RF ot 20 avgusta 1993 g. № 5663-I «O kosmicheskoj deyatel`nosti» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami). URL: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102025742 (data obrashheniya: 26.11.2025) (in Russian).
14. Postanovlenie ot 3 iyunya 2019 goda № 710 O provedenii e`ksperimenta po povy`sheniyu kachestva i svyazannosti danny`x, soderzhashhixsya v gosudarstvenny`x informacionny`x resursax. Pravitel`stvo Rossijskoj Federacii. URL: http://government.ru/docs/all/122268 (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
15. Flexible Algorithms in IGP for Segment Routing. Juniper. URL: https://www.juniper.net/documentation/us/en/software/junos/segment-routing/topics/topic-map/infocus-isis-flex-algo-sr.html#:~:text=A%20flexible%20algorithm%20allows%20IGPs,segment%20routing%20in%
    20their%20network (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025).
16. Flexible Algorithms. Cisco. URL: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/cloud-systems-management/crosswork-optimization-engine/5-0/UG/b_cisco-crosswork-coe-5_0/m2-flexible-algorithms.pdf (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025).
17. Flexible Algorithm Technology White Paper-6W100. H3C URL: https://www.h3c.com/en/Support/Resource_Center/EN/Home/Public/00-Public/Technical_Documents/Technology_Literature/Technology_White_Papers/H3C_WP-18620/#:~:text=flexible%20algorithm%20technology%20extends%20IGP,%C2%B7 (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025).
18. P. Psenak, Ed. (Cisco Systems, Inc)., S. Hegde (Juniper Networks, Inc), C. Filsfils (Cisco Systems, Inc.), K. Talaulikar (Cisco Systems, Inc), A. Gulko (Edward Jones) IGP Flexible Algorithm. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); 9350; Standards Track; February 2023; 2070-1721. URL: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9350 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026).
19. Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.12.2002 g. № 184-FZ O texnicheskom regulirovanii. Prezident Rossii. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/
    bank/18977 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026) (in Russian).
20. Evseev V.I., Kobecz E.A. Algoritm proektirovaniya i model` servera dlya realizacii koncepcii ispol`zovaniya gibkix metodov upravleniya proektami primenitel`no k razrabotke informacionno-izmeritel`noj i upravlyayushhej sistemy`. Sb. trudov Vseros. nauchno-prakt. konf., posvyashhyonnoj pamyati vy`dayushhixsya otechestvenny`x uchyony`x i konstruktorov, kosmonavtov, sozdatelej i ispy`tatelej kosmicheskoj texniki. Tom VI. 2025. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=89137015&pff=1. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=89136961 (data obrashheniya: 20.04.2026) (in Russian).
21. ISO19101 // ISO/TC211. 19101 Geographic information – Reference model, as sent to the ISO Central Secretariat for registration as FDIS. FLORIDA INSTITUTE FORHUMAN&MACHINE COGNITION. Number of pages: 48 URL: https://maaz.ihmc.us/rid=1MW1VK7YW-152LNKZ-159H/ISO%2019101%20Reference%20model.pdf (data obrashheniya: 31.01.2026).
22. Evseev V.I., Kobecz E.A. Koncepciya ispol`zovaniya gibkix metodov upravleniya proektami primenitel`no k razrabotke informacionno-izmeritel`noj i upravlyayushhej sistemy`. Sb. trudov X NPK 5-go nauchnogo otdeleniya RARAN «Radioe`lektronnoe i raketnoe vooruzhenie VMF: vzglyad v budushhee». 2025. (in Russian).
23. ODonnell James. AI companies have stopped warning you that their chatbots aren’t doctors (July 21, 2025) «AI companies have now mostly abandoned the once-standard practice of including medical disclaimers and warnings in response to health questions, new research has found. In fact, many leading AI models will now not only answer health questions but even ask follow-ups and attempt a diagnosis. <…> »; «<…> AI models could interpret mammograms and noticed that models always included disclaimers, warning her to not trust them for medical advice. Some models refused to interpret the images at all. “I’m not a doctor,” they responded <…>»; « <…> fewer than 1% of outputs from models in 2025 included a warning when answering a medical question, down from over 26% in 2022. Just over 1% of outputs analyzing medical images included a warning, down from nearly 20% in the earlier period. (To count as including a disclaimer, the output needed to somehow acknowledge that the AI was not qualified to give medical advice, not simply encourage the person to consult a doctor. <…>»; «<…> this tool will hallucinate or give you false medical advice, <…>» // MIT Technology Review’s. Artificial intelligence. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. URL: https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/07/21/1120522/ai-companies-have-stopped-warning-you-that-their-chatbots-arent-doctors/ (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026).
24. E`shbi U.R. Vvedenie v kibernetiku. Per. s angl. D.G. Laxuti; pod red. V.A. Uspenskogo. M.: Izdatel`stvo inostrannoj literatury`. Redakciya literatury` po matematicheskim naukam. 1959. 432 s. (Glava 6. Chyorny`j yashhik. S. 127–169. URL: https://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/E/ESHBI_Uilyam_Ross/_Eshbi_U.R..html (data obrashheniya: 01.01.2026) (in Russian).
25. Golovin K.S. Neobxodimost` pravovogo regulirovaniya «chernogo yashhika» iskusstvennogo intellekta. Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2024. T. 30. № 3. S. 290–297. https://doi.org/10.34216/1998- 0817-2024-30-3-290-297 (data obrashheniya: 01.01.2026) (in Russian).
26. Kutejnikov D.L., Izhaev O.A., Zenin S.S., Lebedev V.A. Algoritmicheskaya prozrachnost` i podotchetnost`: pravovy`e podxody` k razresheniyu problemy` «chernogo yashhika». Lex russica. 2020. T. 73. № 6. S. 139–148. DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2020.163.6.139-148 (data obrashheniya: 01.01.2026) (in Russian).
27. Sy`magulov A., Kuchin Ya., Elis M., Zhumabaev A., Abdurazakov A. Metody` interpritacii cherny`x yashhikov mashinnogo obucheniya i ix primenenie dlya sozdaniya sistem podderzhki prinyatiya reshenij. Academic Scientific Journal of Computer Science 2021. (5), 91–99. URL: https://journals.nauka-nanrk.kz/physics-mathematics/article/view/2576 (data obrashheniya: 01.01.2026) (in Russian).
28. Silicon Valleys Next Act: Bringing Vibe Coding to the World. Business Insider URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/vibe-coding-ai-silicon-valley-andrej-karpathy-2025-2 (data obrashheniya: 15.01.2026).
29. A quarter of startups in YCs current cohort have codebases that are almost entirely AI-generated. TechCrunch URL: https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/06/a-quarter-of-startups-in-ycs-current-cohort-have-codebases-that-are-almost-entirely-ai-generated/ (data obrashheniya: 15.01.2026).
30. Alex Gu, Naman Jain, Wen-Ding Li, Manish Shetty, Yijia Shao, Ziyang Li, Diyi Yang, Kevin Ellis, Koushik Sen, Armando Solar-Lezama Challenges and Paths Towards. AI for Software Engineering – Arxiv.org, Computer Science. Software Engineering. Artificial Intelligence (AI). Machine Learning. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.22625 (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026).
31. Evanfiya Logacheva and Arto Hellas and Tsvetomila Mihaylova and Juha Sorva and Ava Heinonen and Juho Leinonen (2026) Can We Improve Educational Diagram Generation with In-Context Examples? Not if a Hallucination Spoils the Bunch – Arxiv.org, Computer Science. Computation and Language. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.20476 (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
32. Kla Tantithamthavorn and Hong Yi Lin and Patanamon Thongtanunam and Wachiraphan Charoenwet and Minwoo Jeong and Ming Wu (2026) HalluJudge: A Reference-Free Hallucination Detection for Context Misalignment in Code Review Automation – Arxiv.org, Computer Science. Software Engineering. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.19072 (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
33. Sami Abuzakuk, Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Rishi Sharma, Rasmus Moorits Veski, Martijn de Vos Optimizing Agentic Workflows using Meta-tools – Arxiv.org, Computer Science. Software Engineering. Artificial Intelligence (AI). Machine Learning. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2601.22037 URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22037 (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026).
34. Naman Jain, King Han, Alex Gu, Wen-Ding Li, Fanjia Yan, Tianjun Zhang, Sida Wang, Armando Solar-Lezama, Koushik Sen, Ion Stoica LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code – Arxiv.org, Computer Science. Software Engineering. Computation and Language (CL). Machine Learning. 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07974 (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026). URL: https://github.com/LiveCodeBench (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026). URL: https://livecodebench.github.io/ (data obrashheniya: 21.01.2026).
35. Ovchinnikov I.V. (2025). Chaos, Ito-Stratonovich dilemma, and topological supersymmetry. Phys. Scr. (Physica Scripta) 100 125233. 11 December 2025. DOI 10.1088/1402-4896/ae2296. URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ae2296 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026).
36. Rachele Toniolo, Anita Zanella, Andrea Cottinelli, Giovanni Liuzzi, Sara Ricciardi, Massimo Grassi, Stefano Delle Monache (2026). AMACA: astronomy education with a multi-sensory, accessible, and circular approach. International Journal of Science Education. Part B. P. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2025.2594048 URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21548455.2025.2594048 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026).
37. European Space Agency (ESA) preview 2026 (08/01/2026; tajming video dlya citaty`: 05:08-05:20 iz 06:21). URL: https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/01/ESA_preview_2026 (data obrashheniya: 20.01.2026).
38. Space Launch System (SLS). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/reference/space-launch-system (data obrashheniya: 20.01.2026).
39. Space Communications and Navigation (The SCaN). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA (data obrashheniya: 20.01.2026).
40. Kolesnikova T. Analiz celostnosti signalov v cepyax modul`ny`x sistem radioe`lektronnoj apparatury`. Sb. «E`lektromagnitnaya sovmestimost` v e`lektronike – 2021». S. 108–119. URL: https://emc-e.ru/wp-content/uploads/04108.pdf (data obrashheniya: 28.01.2026) (in Russian).
41. Evseev V.I., Kobecz E.A. Nauchno-issledovatel`skij proekt na osnove raboty` s arxivami i fondami muzeya v processe proforientacii i dopolnitel`nogo profobrazovaniya molodyozhi. VII Vseros. nauchno-prakt. konf. «Chteniya pamyati akademika V.P. Glushko». URL: https://www.spbmuseum.ru/for-specialists/conferences/56197/?lang_ui=ru (data obrashheniya: 01.01.2026). Vestnik Baltijskogo gosudarstvennogo texnicheskogo universiteta. 2025. № S5 (24). S. 45–49. URL: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=86578057 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026) (in Russian).
42. Roskosmos i AFK «Sistema» sozdadut sputnikovuyu gruppirovku (18.09.2025, 09:00) «<…> sozdanie e`ffektivnoj orbital`noj gruppirovki kosmicheskix apparatov dlya distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli (DZZ).»; «<…> ob``ektov kosmicheskoj infrastruktury` i svyazanny`x s nimi apparatov <…>». Goskorporaciya «Roskosmos». URL: https://www.roscosmos.ru/41762 (data obrashheniya: 22.01.2026) (in Russian).
43. Roskosmos i Rosreestr budut razvivat` sotrudnichestvo v oblasti danny`x distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli (27.06.2025, 09:30) «Integraciya danny`x <…> obespechit neprery`vny`j monitoring izmenenij <…>. Rezul`taty` obrabotki <…> budut avtomaticheski <…> pereispol`zovat`sya <…>». Goskorporaciya «Roskosmos». URL: https://www.roscosmos.ru/41620 (data obrashheniya: 22.01.2026) (in Russian).
44. Roskosmos i MChS Rossii namereny` razvivat` sotrudnichestvo v oblasti kosmicheskogo monitoringa (29.05.2025, 13:30) «<…> kosmicheskogo monitoringa dlya prognozirovaniya i kontrolya operativnoj obstanovki <…>». Goskorporacii «Roskosmos». URL: https://www.roscosmos.ru/41547 (data obrashheniya: 22.01.2026) (in Russian).
45. NIST SP 961 (May 2024) CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2022 NIST SP 961. National Institute of Standards and Technology (.gov). U.S. Department of Commerce URL: https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/wall_2022.pdf (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026).
46. Peter J. Mohr, David B. Newell, Barry N. Taylor, & Eite Tiesinga (Published 30 April, 2025) CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2022. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2025. T. 97(2). № 2. S. 025002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.97.025002 URL: https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.97.025002 (data obrashheniya: 01.02.2026).
47. Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporaciya «E`nergiya» im. S.P. Korolyova. URL: https://www.energia.ru (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
48. Raketa-nositel` «E`nergiya» (11K25) URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/rocket.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
49. Kosmicheskij korabl` Buran. URL: http://www.buran.ru (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
50. Mnogorazovy`j orbital`ny`j korabl` (po terminologii Minaviaproma – orbital`ny`j samolet) «Buran». URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/mtkkmain.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/textloz.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/ongrmain.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/flight.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/aerodina.htm#blabla (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/tersaf3.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/terlost.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025. URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/foto5.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/video.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/scr_en.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025). URL: http://www.buran.ru/htm/scr_ru.htm (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
51. AO «Gosudarstvenny`j kosmicheskij nauchno-proizvodstvenny`j centr imeni M.V. Xrunicheva».URL: http://www.khrunichev.ru (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026) (in Russian).
52. Goskorporacii «Roskosmos». Observatoriya «Spektr-RG». URL: https://www.roscosmos.ru/srg (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).
53. AO «NPO Lavochkina». Proekt Spektr-RG. URL: https://www.laspace.ru/ru/activities/projects/spectrum-x (data obrashheniya: 22.01.2026). URL: https://www.laspace.ru/ru/activities/projects/spectrum-x/?ELEMENT_CODE=spectrum-x (data obrashheniya: 22.01.2026) (in Russian)
54. Kosmicheskie zerkala inzhenera Garina: o sozdanii unikal`nogo teleskopa ART-XS. Strana-Rosatom. Texnologii. DLR, NPO im. Lavochkina. https://strana-rosatom.ru/2025/12/08/kosmicheskie-zerkala-inzhenera-garina (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026). (in Russian)
55. Space Research Institute – IKI. ART-XC. Federal`noe gosudarstvennoe byudzhetnoe uchrezhdenie nauki Institut kosmicheskix issledovanij Rossijskoj akademii nauk (IKI RAN). URL: https://iki.cosmos.ru/tag/art-xc. URL: https://iki.cosmos.ru/research/missions/spektr-rg (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
56. eROSITA. eROSITA-DE science portal. eROSITA-DE:MainWebsite. URL: https://erosita.mpe.mpg.de (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
57. The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE). eROSITA. URL: https://www.mpe.mpg.de/eROSITA (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
58. Melanie A. Kilian, David Elsweiler. Rules, Resources, and Restrictions: A Taxonomy of Task-Based Information Request Intents. Arxiv.org. Computer Science. Information Retrieval. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.12985 (data obrashheniya: 02.02.2026).
59. E`jnshtejn A. O metode teoreticheskoj fiziki. Sb. nauch. tr. M., 1967. T. 4. S. 181–186. «<…> vy`vedenny`x posredstvom logicheskoj dedukcii <…>», «Takim obrazom, my` opredelili mesto logicheskogo my`shleniya i opy`ta v sisteme teoreticheskoj fiziki. Logicheskoe my`shlenie opredelyaet strukturu e`toj sistemy`; to, chto soderzhit opy`t i vzaimny`e sootnosheniya opy`tny`x danny`x, dolzhno najti svoe otrazhenie v vy`vodax teorii. V tom, chto takoe otrazhenie vozmozhno, sostoit edinstvennaya cennost` i opravdanie vsej sistemy` i osobenno ponyatij ifundamental`ny`x zakonov, lezhashhix v eyo osnove. <…>». (S. 182; 183). URL: https://djvu.online/file/2FsgKRXR37q8f (data obrashheniya: 12.11.2025) (in Russian).