А.А. Камалов −
д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, директор, Медицинский научно-образовательный центр
МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова; зав. кафедрой урологии и андрологии,
факультет фундаментальной медицины, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: armais.kamalov@rambler.ru
Д.А. Охоботов −
к.м.н., врач-уролог, Медицинский научно-образовательный центр МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова;
доцент, кафедра урологии и андрологии,
факультет фундаментальной медицины, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: 14072003@rambler.ru
А.Ю. Ефименко −
к.м.н., ст. науч. сотрудник, Институт регенеративной медицины Медицинского
научно-образовательного центра МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: efimenkoan@gmail.com
Г.Д. Сагарадзе −
лаборант-исследователь, Институт регенеративной медицины Медицинского
научно-образовательного центра МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: georgysagaradze@gmail.com
М.Е. Чалый –
д.м.н., профессор, вед. науч. сотрудник, Медицинский научно-образовательный центр
МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: chalyy@bk.ru
А.Н. Низов –
врач-уролог, мл. науч. сотрудник, отдел урологии и андрологии, Медицинский научно-образовательный центр МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова;
E-mail: nizovale@gmail.com
В.К. Дзитиев –
к.м.н., зав. урологической службой, Медицинский научно-образовательный центр
МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: vitdok@mail.ru
Е.В. Афанасьевская –
ординатор, кафедра урологии и андрологии,
факультет фундаментальной медицины, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: e.afanasyevskaya@mail.ru
А.А. Стригунов –
ординатор, кафедра урологии и андрологии, факультет фундаментальной медицины,
МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: an-strigunov@yandex.ru
О.Ю. Нестерова –
студентка, факультет фундаментальной медицины, МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова
E-mail: oy.nesterova@gmail.com

Сперматогенез представляет собой процесс деления и дифференцировки сперматозоидов, проходящий в три этапа: сперматоцитогенез, мейоз и спермиогенез. На первом этапе происходит митотическое деление стволовых клеток с образованием первичных сперматоцитов. Мейоз характеризуется двумя последовательными клеточными делениями с обменом генетическим материалом, что приводит к уменьшению числа хромосом в диплоидных клетках и образованию четырех гаплоидных сперматид. Спермиогенез заключается в последовательной дифференцировке сферических сперматозоидов в зрелые клетки при отсутствии их деления.

1. Nishimura H., L’Hernault S.W. Spermatogenesis // Curr. Biol. England. 2017. V. 27. № 18. P. R988–R994.
2. Smith C.G. Drug effects on male sexual function // Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. United States. 1982. V. 25. № 3. P. 525–531.
3. Zhang X., Yamamoto N., Soramoto S., Takenaka I. Cisplatin-induced germ cell apoptosis in mouse testes // Arch. Androl. England. 2001. V. 46. № 1. P. 43–49.
4. Xie R., Chen L., Wu H., Chen T., Wang F., Chen X., Sun H., Li X. GnRH Antagonist Improves Pubertal Cyclophosphamide-Induced Long-Term Testicular Injury in Adult Rats // Int. J. Endocrinol. Egypt. 2018. V. 2018. P. 4272575.
5. Foresta C., Garolla A., Cosci I., Menegazzo M., Ferigo M., Gandin V., De Toni L. Role of zinc trafficking in male fertility: from germ to sperm // Hum. Reprod. England. 2014. V. 29. № 6. P. 1134–1145.
6. Cao Y., Wang X., Li S., Wang H., Yu L., Wang P. The Effects of l-Carnitine Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Injuries in Mouse Testis // Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. England. 2017. V. 120. № 2. P. 152–158.
7. Turgut G., Abban G., Turgut S., Take G. Effect of overdose zinc on mouse testis and its relation with sperm count and motility // Biol. Trace Elem. Res. United States. 2003. V. 96. № 1–3. P. 271–279.
8. Rivkees S.A., Crawford J.D. The relationship of gonadal activity and chemotherapy-induced gonadal damage // JAMA. United States. 1988. V. 259. № 14. P. 2123–2125.
9. Qu N., Kuramasu M., Hirayanagi Y., Nagahori K., Hayashi S., Ogawa Y., Terayama H., Suyama K., Naito M., Sakabe K., Itoh M. Gosha-Jinki-Gan Recovers Spermatogenesis in Mice with Busulfan-Induced Aspermatogenesis // Int. J. Mol. Sci. Switzerland. 2018. V. 19. № 9. P. 2606.
10. Skurikhin E.G., Pakhomova A.V., Pershina O.V., Ermolaeva L.A., Ermakova N.N., Krupin V.A., Pan E.S., Kudryashova A.I., Rybalkina O.Y., Zhdanov V.V., Goldberg V.E., Dygai A.M. Regenerative Potential of Stem and Progenitor Cells from Ischemic Testes of C57Bl/6 Mice in Culture and in the Model of Spermatogenesis Suppression Caused by Busulfan // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. United States. 2017. V. 162. № 3. P. 400–405.
11. Panahi M., Keshavarz S., Rahmanifar F., Tamadon A., Mehrabani D., Karimaghai N., Sepehrimanesh M., Aqababa H. Busulfan induced azoospermia: Stereological evaluation of testes in rat // Vet. Res. forum an Int. Q. J. Iran. 2015. V. 6. № 4. P. 273–278.
12. Fang F., Ni K., Cai Y., Zhao Q., Shang J., Zhang X., Shen S., Xiong C. Busulfan administration produces toxic effects on epididymal morphology and inhibits the expression of ZO-1 and vimentin in the mouse epididymis // Biosci. Rep. England. 2017. V. 37. № 6. P. BSR20171059.
13. Cyr D.G., Gregory M., Dube E., Dufresne J., Chan P.T.K., Hermo L. Orchestration of occludins, claudins, catenins and cadherins as players involved in maintenance of the blood-epididymal barrier in animals and humans // Asian J. Androl. China. 2007. V. 9. № 4. P. 463–475.
14. Ramesh A., Walker S.A., Hood D.B., Guillen M.D., Schneider K., Weyand E.H. Bioavailability and risk assessment of orally ingested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons // Int. J. Toxicol. United States. 2004. V. 23. № 5. P. 301–333.
15. Perera F.P., Santella R.M., Brenner D., Young T.L., Weinstein I.B. Application of biological markers to the study of lung cancer causation and prevention // IARC Sci. Publ. France. 1988. № 89. P. 451–459.
16. Chao M.-R., Wang C.-J., Wu M.-T., Pan C.-H., Kuo C.-Y., Yang H.-J., Chang L.W., Hu C.-W. Repeated measurements of urinary methylated/oxidative DNA lesions, acute toxicity, and mutagenicity in coke oven workers // Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. United States. 2008. V. 17. № 12. P. 3381–3389.
17. Liu A.-L., Lu W.-Q., Wang Z.-Z., Chen W.-H., Lu W.-H., Yuan J., Nan P.-H., Sun J.-Y., Zou Y.-L., Zhou L.-H., Zhang C., Wu T.-C. Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine, lymphocytic micronuclei, and serum glutathione S-transferase in workers exposed to coke oven emissions // Environ. Health Perspect. United States. 2006. V. 114. № 5. P. 673–677.
18. Park J.-H., Troxel A.B., Harvey R.G., Penning T.M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) o-quinones produced by the aldo-keto-reductases (AKRs) generate abasic sites, oxidized pyrimidines, and 8-oxo-dGuo via reactive oxygen species // Chem. Res. Toxicol. United States. 2006. V. 19. № 5. P. 719–728.
19. Hsu P.-C., Chen I.-Y., Pan C.-H., Wu K.-Y., Pan M.-H., Chen J.-R., Chen C.-J., Chang-Chien G.-P., Hsu C.-H., Liu C.-S., Wu M.-T. Sperm DNA damage correlates with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biomarker in coke-oven workers // Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. Germany. 2006. V. 79. № 5. P. 349–356.
20. Xia Y., Han Y., Zhu P., Wang S., Gu A., Wang L., Lu C., Fu G., Song L., Wang X. Relation between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and human semen quality // Environ. Sci. Technol. United States. 2009. V. 43. № 12. P. 4567–4573.
21. Godschalk R.W., Ostertag J.U., Zandsteeg A.M., Van Agen B., Neuman H.A., Van Straaten H., Van Schooten F.J. Impact of GSTM1 on aromatic-DNA adducts and p53 accumulation in human skin and lymphocytes // Pharmacogenetics. England. 2001. V. 11. № 6. P. 537–543.
22. Selevan S.G., Borkovec L., Slott V.L., Zudova Z., Rubes J., Evenson D.P., Perreault S.D. Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution // Environ. Health Perspect. United States. 2000. V. 108. № 9. P. 887–894.
23. Richburg J.H., Boekelheide K. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate rapidly alters both Sertoli cell vimentin filaments and germ cell apoptosis in young rat testes // Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. United States. 1996. V. 137. № 1. P. 42–50.
24. Zhang L., Gao M., Zhang T., Chong T., Wang Z., Zhai X., Wu Z., Li H. Protective Effects of Genistein against Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate-Induced Oxidative Damage in Prepubertal Sertoli Cells // Biomed Res. Int. United States. 2017.
    V. 2017. P. 2032697.
25. Ramesh A., Inyang F., Hood D.B., Archibong A.E., Knuckles M.E., Nyanda A.M. Metabolism, bioavailability, and toxicokinetics of benzo(alpha)pyrene in F-344 rats following oral administration // Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. Germany. 2001. V. 53. № 4. P. 275–290.
26. Georgellis A., Toppari J., Veromaa T., Rydstrom J., Parvinen M. Inhibition of meiotic divisions of rat spermatocytes in vitro by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons // Mutat. Res. Netherlands. 1990. V. 231. № 2. P. 125–135.
27. Gaspari L., Chang S.S., Santella R.M., Garte S., Pedotti P., Taioli E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human sperm as a marker of DNA damage and infertility // Mutat. Res. Netherlands. 2003. V. 535. № 2. P. 155–160.
28. Leduc F., Nkoma G.B., Boissonneault G. Spermiogenesis and DNA repair: a possible etiology of human infertility and genetic disorders // Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. England. 2008. V. 54. № 1. P. 3–10.
29. Grollman A.P., Moriya M. Mutagenesis by 8-oxoguanine: an enemy within // Trends Genet. England. 1993. V. 9. № 7. P. 246–249.
30. Abouzied M.M., Azcona J.I., Braselton W.E., Pestka J.J. Immunochemical assessment of mycotoxins in 1989 grain foods: evidence for deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) contamination // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. United States. 1991. V. 57. № 3. P. 672–677.
31. Logrieco A., Moretti A., Castella G., Kostecki M., Golinski P., Ritieni A., Chelkowski J. Beauvericin production by Fusarium species // Appl. Environ. Microbiol. United States. 1998. V. 64. № 8. P. 3084–3088.
32. Shubina O.S., Dudenkova N.A. The effect of lead on the process of spermatogenesis in sex glands of male albino rats // Vet. world. India. 2016. V. 9. № 10. P. 1129–1134.
33. Аверьянова А.Ю., Сурикова Н.Е., Баканович И.Б., Коваль К.Г. Судебно-медицинское значение лекарственных препаратов, угнетающих сперматогенез // Материалы VI Всероссийского съезда судебных медиков. М.: Издат. центр «Академия». 2005. С. 21.
34. Кушнирук Ю.И. Влияние некоторых антибиотиков на сперматогенез // Проблемы сексопатологии и бесплодия: Материалы II республиканской конференции сексопатологов. Ворошиловград. 1972; Киев. 1973. С. 209–214.
35. Лисаковская О.В. Влияние антибактериальных препаратов на качество эякулята мужчин репродуктивного возраста // Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2003. № 3. С. 26–27.
36. Арабидзе Г.Г. Артериальная гипертензия: применение ингибиторов ангиотензинпревращающего фермента // РМЖ. 1999. № 15. С. 702–706.
37. Grimm R.H.J., Grandits G.A., Prineas R.J., McDonald R.H., Lewis C.E., Flack J.M., Yunis C., Svendsen K., Liebson P.R., Elmer P.J. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) // Hypertens. (Dallas, Tex. 1979). United States. 1997. V. 29. № 1. Pt. 1. P. 8–14.
38. Breikaa R.M., Mosli H.A., Abdel-Naim A.B. Influence of Onabotulinumtoxin A on testes of the growing rat // J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2016. V. 30. № 12. P. 608–613.
39. Miura T., Miura C., Konda Y., Yamauchi K. Spermatogenesis-preventing substance in Japanese eel. // Development. England. 2002. V. 129. № 11. P. 2689–2697.
40. Miura C., Kuwahara R., Miura T. Transfer of spermatogenesis-related cDNAs into eel testis germ-somatic cell coculture pellets by electroporation: methods for analysis of gene function // Mol. Reprod. Dev. United States. 2007. V. 74. № 4. P. 420–427.
41. Mouyis M., Flint J.D., Giles I.P. Safety of anti-rheumatic drugs in men trying to conceive: A systematic review and analysis of published evidence // Semin. Arthritis Rheum. United States. 2019. V. 48. № 5. P. 911–920.
42. Feagins L.A., Kane S.V. Sexual and reproductive issues for men with inflammatory bowel disease // Am. J. Gastroenterol. United States. 2009. V. 104. № 3. P. 768–773.
43. Fukushima T., Kato M., Adachi T., Hamada Y., Horimoto M., Komiyama M., Mori C., Horii I. Effects of sulfasalazine on sperm acrosome reaction and gene expression in the male reproductive organs of rats // Toxicol. Sci. United States. 2005. V. 85. № 1. P. 675–682.
44. Freeman J.G., Reece V.A., Venables C.W. Sulphasalazine and spermatogenesis // Digestion. Switzerland. 1982. V. 23. № 1. P. 68–71.
45. O’Morain C., Smethurst P., Dore C.J., Levi A.J. Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat // Gut. England. 1984. V. 25. № 10. P. 1078–1084.
46. Toovey S., Hudson E., Hendry W.F., Levi A.J. Sulphasalazine and male infertility: reversibility and possible mechanism // Gut. England. 1981. V. 22. № 6. P. 445–451.
47. Shin T., Okada H. Infertility in men with inflammatory bowel disease // World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther. United States. 2016. V. 7. № 3. P. 361–369.
48. Stevison F., Jing J., Tripathy S., Isoherranen N. Role of Retinoic Acid-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450s, CYP26, in Inflammation and Cancer // Adv. Pharmacol. United States. 2015. V. 74. P. 373–412.
49. Hong N., Li M., He B., Hong Y. Biological Systems : Open Access Retinoic Acid Regulates Germ Gene Transcription In Vitro and Spermatogenesis in Testicular // Organ Culture. 2012. V. 1. № 1. P. 1–7.
50. Chung S.S.W., Wang X., Wolgemuth D.J. Prolonged Oral Administration of a Pan-Retinoic Acid Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Spermatogenesis in Mice With a Rapid Recovery and Changes in the Expression of Influx and Efflux Transporters // Endocrinology. United States. 2016. V. 157. № 4. P. 1601–1612.
51. Yoo Y.J., Kim H., Park S.R., Yoon Y.J. An overview of rapamycin: from discovery to future perspectives // J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Germany. 2017. V. 44. № 4–5. P. 537–553.
52. Fan Y.L., Hou H.W., Tay H.M., Guo W.M., Berggren P.-O., Loo S.C.J. Preservation of Anticancer and Immunosuppressive Properties of Rapamycin Achieved Through Controlled Releasing Particles // AAPS PharmSciTech. United States. 2017. V. 18. № 7. P. 2648–2657.
53. Boobes Y., Bernieh B., Saadi H., Raafat Al Hakim M., Abouchacra S. Gonadal dysfunction and infertility in kidney transplant patients receiving sirolimus // Int. Urol. Nephrol. Netherlands. 2010. V. 42. № 2. P. 493–498.
54. Deutsch M.A., Kaczmarek I., Huber S., Schmauss D., Beiras-Fernandez A., Schmoeckel M., Ochsenkuehn R., Meiser B., Mueller-Hoecker J., Reichart B.Sirolimus-associated infertility: case report and literature review of possible mechanisms // Am. J. Transplant. United States. 2007. V. 7. № 10. P. 2414–2421.
55. Mukherjee A., Koli S., Reddy K.V.R. Rapamycin (Sirolimus) alters mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway regulation and microRNA expression in mouse meiotic spermatocytes // Andrology. England. 2015. V. 3. № 5. P. 979–990.
56. Kaczmarek I., Groetzner J., Adamidis I., Landwehr P., Mueller M., Vogeser M., Gerstorfer M., Uberfuhr P., Meiser B., Reichart B. Sirolimus impairs gonadal function in heart transplant recipients // Am. J. Transplant. United States. 2004. V. 4. № 7. P. 1084–1088.
57. Verhoeven G., Willems A., Denolet E., Swinnen J. V, De Gendt K. Androgens and spermatogenesis: lessons from transgenic mouse models // Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. England. 2010. V. 365. № 1546. P. 1537–1556.
58. de Souza G.L., Hallak J. Anabolic steroids and male infertility: a comprehensive review // BJU Int. England. 2011. V. 108. № 11. P. 1860–1865.
59. Avant R.A., Charchenko C.M., Alom M., Westerman M.E., Maldonado F., Miest T., Trost L. Medication patterns and fertility rates in a cohort of anabolic steroid users // Transl. Androl. Urol. China. 2018. V. 7. № Suppl 2. P. S198–S204.
60. McBride J.A., Coward R.M. Recovery of spermatogenesis following testosterone replacement therapy or anabolic-androgenic steroid use // Asian J. Androl. China. 2016. V. 18. № 3. P. 373–380.
61. Constantin S. Progress and Challenges in the Search for the Mechanisms of Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion // Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). Switzerland. 2017. V. 8. P. 180.
62. Рапопорт Л.М., Демидко Ю.Л. Применение Бусерелина-депо – агониста гонадотропин-рилизинг-гормонов в лечении рака простаты // Андрология и генитальная хирургия. 2014. № 3. С. 74–79.
63. Авакян Г.Н., Бадалян О.Л., Крикова Е.В., Чуканова А.С., Бурд С.Г. Репродуктивные нарушения у мужчин с эпилепсией // Эпилепсия и пароксизмальные состояния. 2010. V. 2. № 1. С. 30–36.
64. Bauer J., Klingmuller D. [Which antiepileptic drug for men with epilepsy? A critical epileptological and andrological review] // Nervenarzt. Germany. 2008. V. 79. № 12. P. 1407–1412, 1414–1415.
65. Morrell M.J., Montouris G.D. Reproductive disturbances in patients with epilepsy // Cleve. Clin. J. Med. United States. 2004. V. 71. Suppl 2. P. S19–24.
66. Sukhorum W., Iamsaard S. Changes in testicular function proteins and sperm acrosome status in rats treated with valproic acid // Reprod. Fertil. Dev. Australia. 2017. V. 29. № 8. P. 1585–1592.
67. Song B.-J., Moon K.-H., Upreti V. V, Eddington N.D., Lee I.J. Mechanisms of MDMA (ecstasy)-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and organ damage // Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. Netherlands. 2010. V. 11. № 5. P. 434–443.
68. Sasikumar S., Dakshayani D., Sarasa D. An investigation of DNA fragmentation and morphological changes caused by bacteria and fungi in human spermatozoa // Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. India. 2013. V. 2. № 4. P. 84–96.
69. Khin N.A., Kronstein P.D., Yang P., Ishida E., Hung H.M.J., Mathis M. V, Unger E.F., Temple R.J. Regulatory and scientific issues in studies to evaluate sexual dysfunction in antidepressant drug trials // J. Clin. Psychiatry. United States. 2015. V. 76. № 8. P. 1060–1063.
70. Pourmasumi S., Sabeti P., Rahiminia T., Mangoli E., Tabibnejad N., Talebi A.R. The etiologies of DNA abnormalities in male infertility: An assessment and review // Int. J. Reprod. Biomed. (Yazd, Iran). Iran. 2017. V. 15. № 6. P. 331–344.
71. Tanrikut C., Feldman A.S., Altemus M., Paduch D.A., Schlegel P.N. Adverse effect of paroxetine on sperm // Fertil. Steril. United States. 2010. V. 94. № 3. P. 1021–1026.
72. Tanrikut C., Schlegel P.N. Antidepressant-associated changes in semen parameters // Urology. United States. 2007. V. 69. № 1. P. 185.e5–7.
73. Hanssens L., L’Italien G., Loze J.-Y., Marcus R.N., Pans M., Kerselaers W. The effect of antipsychotic medication on sexual function and serum prolactin levels in community-treated schizophrenic patients: results from the Schizophrenia Trial of Aripiprazole (STAR) study (NCT00237913) // BMC Psychiatry. England. 2008. V. 8. P. 95.
74. Dabbous Z., Atkin S.L. Hyperprolactinaemia in male infertility: Clinical case scenarios // Arab. J. Urol. United States. 2018. V. 16. № 1. P. 44–52.
75. Wieck A., Haddad P. Hyperprolactinaemia caused by antipsychotic drugs // BMJ (Clinical research ed.). England. 2002.
    V. 324. № 7332. P. 250–252.
76. Whirledge S., Cidlowski J.A. A role for glucocorticoids in stress-impaired reproduction: beyond the hypothalamus and pituitary // Endocrinology. United States. 2013. V. 154. № 12. P. 4450–4468.
77. Breen K.M., Thackray V.G., Hsu T., Mak-McCully R.A., Coss D., Mellon P.L. Stress levels of glucocorticoids inhibit LHbeta-subunit gene expression in gonadotrope cells // Mol. Endocrinol. United States. 2012. V. 26. № 10. P. 1716–1731.
78. Whirledge S., Cidlowski J.A. Glucocorticoids, stress, and fertility // Minerva Endocrinol. Italy. 2010. V. 35. № 2. P. 109–125.
79. Morais R.D.V.S., Nobrega R.H., Gomez-Gonzalez N.E., Schmidt R., Bogerd J., Franca L.R., Schulz R.W. Thyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of Sertoli cells and single type A spermatogonia in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) testis // Endocrinology. United States. 2013. V. 154. № 11. P. 4365–4376.
80. Laszczynska M., Sluczanowska-Glabowska S., Piasecka M., Skowron J., Debinska-Szymanska T. Germ cells with nuclear DNA fragmentation related to apoptotic cells in rat testis in experimental hyperprolactinemia induced by metoclopramide // Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. Poland. 2002. V. 40. № 2. P. 163–164.
81. Hori J.-I., Koga D., Kakizaki H., Watanabe T. Differential effects of depot formulations of GnRH agonist leuprorelin and antagonist degarelix on the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis // Biomed. Res. Japan. 2018. V. 39. № 4. P. 197–214.
82. Amory J.K., Wang C., Swerdloff R.S., Anawalt B.D., Matsumoto A.M., Bremner W.J., Walker S.E., Haberer L.J., Clark R.V. The effect of 5alpha-reductase inhibition with dutasteride and finasteride on semen parameters and serum hormones in healthy men // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. United States. 2007. V. 92. № 5. P. 1659–1665.
83. Nusier M.K., Bataineh H.N., Daradka H.M. Adverse effects of propranolol on reproductive function in adult male mice // Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. PJBS. Pakistan. 2007. V. 10. № 16. P. 2728–2731.
84. Kjaergaard N., Kjaergaard B., Lauritsen J.G. Prazosin, an adrenergic blocking agent inadequate as male contraceptive pill // Contraception. United States. 1988. V. 37. № 6. P. 621–629.
85. Hibi H., Yamamoto M., Miyake K. Effect of alpha-blockers on epididymal sperm concentration, motility and testicular productivity in the rat // Hinyokika Kiyo. Japan. 1996. V. 42. № 5. P. 357–360.
86. Millsop J.W., Heller M.M., Eliason M.J., Murase J.E. Dermatological medication effects on male fertility // Dermatol. Ther. United States. 2013. V. 26. № 4. P. 337–346.
87. Shin J.-H., Moon H.J., Kang I.H., Kim T.S., Kim I.Y., Park I.S., Kim H.S., Jeung E.B., Han S.-Y. Repeated 28-day oral toxicity study of ketoconazole in rats based on the draft protocol for the “Enhanced OECD Test Guideline No. 407” to detect endocrine effects // Arch. Toxicol. Germany. 2006. V. 80. № 12. P. 797–803.
88. Shayakhmetova G.M., Bondarenko L.B., Voronina A.K., Matvienko A. V, Kitam V., Kovalenko V.M. Repeated administration of ethambutol in therapeutic dose causes testes alteration and spermatogenesis disruption in Wistar rats // Hum. Exp. Toxicol. England. 2017. V. 36. № 5. P. 520–533.
89. Shayakhmetova G.M., Bondarenko L.B., Voronina A.K., Anisimova S.I., Matvienko A.V., Kovalenko V.M. Induction of CYP2E1 in testes of isoniazid-treated rats as possible cause of testicular disorders // Toxicol. Lett. Netherlands. 2015.
    V. 234. № 2. P. 59–66.
90. Bondarenko L.B., Shayakhmetova G.M., Byshovets T.F., Kovalenko V.M. Pyrazinamide-mediated changes in rat type I collagen and spermatogenesis indices // Acta Pol. Pharm. Poland. 2011. V. 68. № 2. P. 285–290.
91. Kul’chavenia E.V., Brizhitiuk E.V., Medvedev S.A. [Toxic effect of antituberculous drugs on spermatogenesis] // Probl. Tuberk. Russia (Federation). 2002. № 5. P. 29–32.
92. Pons-Rejraji H., Brugnon F., Sion B., Maqdasy S., Gouby G., Pereira B., Marceau G., Gremeau A.-S., Drevet J., Grizard G., Janny L., Tauveron I. Evaluation of atorvastatin efficacy and toxicity on spermatozoa, accessory glands and gonadal hormones of healthy men: a pilot prospective clinical trial // Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. England. 2014. V. 12. P. 65.
93. Leite G.A.A., Rosa J. de L., Sanabria M., Cavariani M.M., Franci J.A.A., Pinheiro P.F.F., Kempinas W.D.G. Delayed reproductive development in pubertal male rats exposed to the hypolipemiant agent rosuvastatin since prepuberty // Reprod. Toxicol. United States. 2014. V. 44. P. 93–103.
94. Nna V.U., Udefa A.L., Ofutet E.O., Osim E.O. Testicular and Epididymal Histology of Rats Chronically Administered High Doses of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors and Tramadol // Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. Nigeria. 2017. V. 32. № 1. P. 55–61.
95. Salian S., Doshi T., Vanage G. Perinatal exposure of rats to Bisphenol A affects fertility of male offspring-an overview // Reprod. Toxicol. United States. 2011. V. 31. № 3. P. 359–362.
96. Tarapore P., Hennessy M., Song D., Ying J., Ouyang B., Govindarajah V., Leung Y.-K., Ho S.-M. High butter-fat diet and bisphenol A additively impair male rat spermatogenesis // Reprod. Toxicol. United States. 2017. V. 68. P. 191–199.
97. Ho S.-M., Cheong A., Lam H.-M., Hu W.-Y., Shi G.-B., Zhu X., Chen J., Zhang X., Medvedovic M., Leung Y.-K., Prins G.S. Exposure of Human Prostaspheres to Bisphenol A Epigenetically Regulates SNORD Family Noncoding RNAs via Histone Modification // Endocrinology. United States. 2015. V. 156. № 11. P. 3984–3995.
98. Heudorf U., Mersch-Sundermann V., Angerer J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure // Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. Germany. 2007. V. 210. № 5. P. 623–634.
99. Moustafa G.G., Ahmed A.A.M. Impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to bisphenol A on female rats in a two generational study: Genotoxic and immunohistochemical implications // Toxicol. reports. Ireland. 2016. V. 3. P. 685–695.