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Journal Antennas №10 for 2016 г.
Article in number:
Antenna Technologies for High Precision GNSS Positioning
Keywords: Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS antennas multipath error real time positioning
Authors:
D. V. Tatarnikov - Dr.Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Department of Radiophysics, Antennas and Microwave Technique, Moscow Aviation Insti-tute (National Research University); Deputy Chief of Perspective Designs Department, Topcon Positioning Systems, LLC (Moscow). E-mail: DTatarnicov@topcon.com A. V. Astakhov - Ph.D. (Eng.), Leading Engineer, Topcon Positioning Systems, LLC (Moscow); Associate Professor, Department of Radiophysics, Antennas and Microwave Technique, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) A. P. Stepanenko - Leading Engineer, Topcon Positioning Systems, LLC (Moscow) P. P. Shamatulsky - Engineer, Topcon Positioning Systems, LLC (Moscow) S. N. Emelyanov - Manager of Antennae Projects, Engineer, Topcon Positioning Systems, LLC (Moscow)
Abstract:
Currently, typical error of high precision positioning with the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is of the order of ±1-2 cm in real time and of 1-2 mm in post-processing. The technique is widely employed in geodesy, land survey and automated machines for construction and agriculture. In open sky environments the major error contributions are unavoidable reflections of the direct satellite signals from the terrain that is underneath the user antenna. To decrease the error, antenna is to have decreased gain for directions below the local horizon. As opposed to consumer electronics, antennas for high precision applications are to have the smallest noise factor possible to support the ambiguity fix in Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. This, along with the common trend in size reduction, causes noticeable competition at the market. The biggest portion of the paper is an overview of the authors\' experience in high precision antennas developments. Multiple references to other sources are provided for broader coverage. Microstrip patch antennas have been employed at earlier stages of the technology. With the GNSS spectrum expansion, ceramic substrates thickness has become noticeable. To avoid the weight increase along with the manufacturing complications, artificial dielectric substrates have been suggested in the form of light weight periodic metal structures. Other antenna elements like helices and spirals are also discussed. Flat metal ground plane of about half the wavelength size is one of the most common arrangements. For the base stations with about 30 dB of multipath suppression, Choke Ring ground planes are employed. The natural drawback of the Choke Ring structure is antenna gain decrease for low elevated satellites. To improve the gain, convex impedance ground planes have been suggested. The ground planes employ straight pins structure instead of the choke grooves to improve the frequency response. Reference station antennas are to provide the multipath suppression reaching that of the base station while having much lesser weight and size. Newly developed antenna with a semitransparent ground plane and a special impedance structure underneath pos-sesses sensitivity to the near field multipath at the level below 1 mm. Compact antennas capable to provide with multipath suppression while not employing a ground plane have been suggested. Anti-antenna stack, resonant helices and a combination of an electric (wire) and a magnetic (patch) antennas are of the kinds. The main features of the antennas for automated machines are discussed. Methods to decrease antenna sensitivity to the machine body are shown. The paper concludes with newly developed antennas capable to provide with millimeter precision of positioning in real time. An-tennas possess a cutoff pattern that is the antenna gain is smooth and consistent for the direction in top semi-sphere with sharp drop while crossing the local horizon. Moderately compact antennas suitable for practical positioning have been developed. With the antennas, it is no longer multipath but rather the thermal noise that is the largest error source. Smoothing the noise in real time claims that special adjustments of positioning algorithms are to be performed.
Pages: 77-92
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