D.S. Lysenko
Lecturer, Academy of Physical Culture and Sports of the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don)
E-mail: dslysenko@sfedu.ru
L.E. Kiseleva
Аssociate Рrofessor, Academy of Physical Culture and Sports of the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don)
E-mail: dslysenko@sfedu.ru
A.V. Lysenko
Dr.Sc. (Biol.), Professor, Academy of Physical Culture and Sports of the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don)
E-mail: alysenko@sfedu.ru
A.V. Petrov
a student of the Academy of Physical Culture and Sports of the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don)
E-mail: dslysenko@sfedu.ru

The purpose of our work was to analyze the factors that affect the life expectancy and longevity of highly qualified athletes and representatives of such creative professions, the conditions of their professional activities are similar to the conditions of sports activities. The biographies of 476 people were analyzed.

The average life expectancy of men, who specialized in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling, was 67.62 years. Judoists and boxers had an average life expectancy of 60.7 years, which is consistent with the data of other authors on the lower life expectancy of representatives of traumatic sports, for example, cyclists 62.7 years.

In the group of champions and prize-winners of the Olympic Games in sports with lower traumatic risk (swimming and track and field athletics), the average life expectancy was higher, especially for women. Among women in groups of athletes and swimmers there is also a fairly significant relative number (12% and 15%, respectively) of long-livers (who lived 90 years and more) was registered.

It was found that the life expectancy of highly qualified athletes, world ballet stars and circus art can be influenced not only by the characteristics of professional activity (the risk of injury, the severity of the creative component), but also by the high level of professional achievements and their public recognition.

In the modern sport of higher achievements, there is an extensive growth in the volume and intensity of training and competitive loads. Athletes need high-tech and effective systems for correcting the functional state, preventing negative effects of fatigue, overtraining and premature aging.

1. Сметник В.П. Руководство по климактерию. 2006,с.689-692.
2. Сметник В.П. Постменопаузальный остеопороз//Consillium-medicum.-2002.т.4,№8, с.4-11.
3. Михайлов Е.Е., Беневоленская Л.И., В кн.: Руководство по остеопорозу. Под редакцией Беневоленской Л.И. – М: Бином: Лаборатория знаний. -2003,с.10-55.
4. Беневоленская Л.И. Проблема остеопороза в современной медицине//Научно-практическая ревматология. -2005.№1,с.4-7.
5. Лесняк О.М. Аудит состояния проблемы остеопороза в странах Восточной Европы и Центральной Азии-2010.//Остеопороз и остеопатии.-2011.№2,с.3-6.
6. Гладкова Е.Н., Ходырев В.Н., Лесняк О.М. Анализ состояния оказания медицинской помощи и исходов у больных с переломом проксимального отдела бедра(данные популяционного исследования)//Остеопороз и остеопатии. -2011.№3,с.7-10.
7. Родионова С.С, Балберкин А.В., Колондаев А.Ф., Швец В.Н., Ильина В.К. Принципы патогенетически обоснованного лечения первичного остеопороза. // Пособие для врачей. М, ГУН ЦНИИ травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. -2002,с.1-23.
8. Родионова С.С., Макаров М.А., Колондаев А.Ф., Гаврюшенко Н.С. Значение минеральной плотности и показателей качества костной ткани в обеспечении ее прочностипри остеопорозе// Вестник травматологии и ортопедии.-2001.№2,с.76-80.
9. Bruyere. O., Delferriere D., Roux C., Wark J.D., Spector T., Devogelaer J.P., Brixen K., Adami S., Fechtenbaum J., Kolta S., Reginster J.Y. Effects of strontium ranelate on spinal osteoarthritis progression // Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2008. № 67 (3). С. 335—339.
10. Kalinchenko. S., Vishnevskiy E.L., Koval A.N., Mskhalaya G.J., Saad F. Beneficial effects of testosterone administration on symptoms of the lower urinary tract in men with late-onset hypogonadism: a pilot study // The aging male : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male. 2008. № 11 (2). С. 57—61.
11. Schapira D., Schapira C. Osteoporosis: the evolution of a scientific term // Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 1992. № 2 (4). С. 164—167.

12. Рожинская Л.Я., Беляева А.В., Белая Ж.Е. Ранелат стронция (бивалос) — препарат двойного действия на костную ткань; новые подходы к лечению остеопороза. Остеопороз и остеопатии.- 2006. №1,с.32-37. 

13. Михайлов Е.Е., Мылов Н.М. Частота новых случаев переломов позвонков в популяционной выборке лиц в возрасте 50 лет и старше. Научная программа и тезисы Российского конгресса по остеопорозу. Ярославль:Литера. -2003,с.63.
14. Raisz L.G. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects // The Journal of clinical investigation. 2005. № 115 (12). С. 3318—3325.

15. Meunier P.J., Roux C., Seeman E., Ortolani S., Badurski J.E., Spector T.D., Cannata J., Balogh A., Lemmel E.M., Pors-Nielsen S., Rizzoli R., Genant H.K., Reginster J.Y. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis // The New England journal of medicine. 2004. № 350 (5). С. 459—468. 

16. Meunier P.J., Slosman D.O., Delmas P.D., Sebert J.L., Brandi M.L., Albanese C., Lorenc R., Pors-Nielsen S., De Vernejoul M.C., Roces A., Reginster J.Y. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis – a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial // The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002. № 87 (5). С. 2060—2066. 

17. Рожинская Л.Я. Системный остеопороз. Практическое руководство для врачей. – М.: Издатель Мокеев. -2000,с.196.
18. Гладкова Е.Н., Ходырев В.Н., Лесняк О.М. Анализ эпидемиологии остеопоротических переломов с использованием информации, полученной от врачей первичного звена. // Остеопороз и остеопатии.-2011, №1,с.14-18.
19. North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in post- menopausal women: 2006 position statement of The North American Menopause Society // Menopause : the journal of the North American Menopause Society. 2006. № 13 (3). С. 340—367.
20. Мкртумян А.М., Бычков А.Ю. Остеопороз недостаточно диагностируется, недостаточно лечится. //Эффективная фармакотерапия. Спецвыпуск. «Остеопороз».-2012,с.4-17.
21. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., Johansson H., McCloskey E. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK // Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2008. № 19 (4). 
С. 385—397.
22. Meunier P.J., Slosman D.O., Delmas P.D., Sebert J.L., Brandi M.L., Albanese C., Lorenc R., Pors-Nielsen S., De Vernejoul M.C., Roces A., Reginster J.Y. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis – a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial // The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002. № 87 (5). С. 2060—2066. 

23.  
24. 
 Kanis J.A., Burlet N., Cooper C., Delmas P.D., Reginster J.Y., Borgstrom F., Rizzoli R., European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women // Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2008. № 19 (4). С. 399—428.
25.  
26. Лесняк О.М., Хосева Е.Н. Современные подходы к диагностике и назначению лечения при постменопаузальном остеопорозе.//Эффективная фармакотерапия.-2013.№38,с.6-12.
27. Ермакова И.П. Биохимические маркеры обмена костной ткани и их клиническое использование / И.П.Ермакова// Журнал “Лаборатория“.-2001.№1,с.3-5
28. Looker A.C., Bauer D.C., Chesnut C.H. 3rd, Gundberg C.M., Hochberg M.C., Klee G., Kleerekoper M., Watts N.B., Bell N.H. Clinical use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling: current status and future directions // Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2000. № 11 (6). C. 467—480.
29. Костючек Д.Ф., Душенкова Т.А., Рищук С.В. Журнал Акушерства и женских болезней «Ранняя диагностика остеопороза у женщин в пре- и постменопаузе».-2006.т.55,№1,с. 3-7.
30. Mundy G.R., Poser J.W. Chemotactic activity of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein in bone // Calcified tissue international. 1983. № 35 (2). С. 164—168.
31. Delmas P.D., Eastell R., Garnero P., Seibel M.J., Stepan J., Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation // Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2000. № 11 (6). С. S2—17.
32. Kузнецова Л.В., Зазерская И.Е., Судаков Д.С. «Роль оценки биохимических маркеров костного обмена в контроле лечения постменопаузального остеопороза». Клинико-лабораторный консилиум. -2008.№6,с.39-45.
33. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group // World Health Organization technical report series. 1994. № 843. С. 1—129.
34. Heaney R.P., Weaver C.M. Calcium and vitamin D // Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 2003. № 32 (1). С. 181—194.
35. Nguyen T.V., Center J.R., Eisman J.A. Osteoporosis: underrated, underdiagnosed and undertreated // The Medical journal of Australia. 2004. № 180 (5). С. S18—22.
36. Peacock M. Calcium metabolism in health and disease // Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2010. № 5 (1). С. S23—30.
37. Heaney R.P. How does bone support calcium homeostasis? // Bone. 2003. № 33 (3). С. 264—268.
38. Mosekilde L. Vitamin D and the elderly // Clinical endocrinology. 2005. № 62 (3). С. 265—281.
39. Harkness L.S., Bonny A.E. Calcium and vitamin D status in the adolescent: key roles for bone, body weight, glucose tolerance, and estrogen biosynthesis // Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 2005. № 18 (5). С. 305—311.
40. Lanou A.J., Berkow S.E., Barnard N.D. Calcium, dairy products, and bone health in children and young adults: a reevaluation of the evidence // Pediatrics. 2005. № 115 (3). С. 736—743.
41. Lin R., White J.H. The pleiotropic actions of vitamin D // BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. 2004. № 26 (1). С. 21—28.
42. Weaver C.M., Fleet J.C. Vitamin D requirements: current and future // The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004. № 80 (6). С. 1735S—1739S.
43. Peterlik M., Cross H.S. Vitamin D and calcium deficits predispose for multiple chronic diseases // European journal of clinical investigation. 2005. № 35 (5). С. 290—304.
44. Zittermann A., Pilz S., Börgermann J., Gummert J.F. Calcium supplementation and vitamin D: a trigger for adverse cardiovascular events? // Future cardiology. 2011. № 7 (6). С. 725—727.
45. Wang L., Manson J.E., Sesso H.D. Calcium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies and randomized clinical trials // American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions. 2012. № 12 (2). С. 105—116.
46. Bolland M.J., Grey A., Avenell A., Gamble G.D., Reid I.R. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis // BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association. 2011. № 342. С. d2040.
47. Udowenko M., Trojian T. Vitamin D: extent of deficiency, effect on muscle function, bone health, performance, and injury prevention // Connecticut medicine. 2010. № 74 (8). С. 477—480.
48. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dawson-Hughes B., Staehelin H.B., Orav J.E., Stuck A.E., Theiler R., Wong J.B., Egli A., Kiel D.P., Henschkowski J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials // BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association. 2009. № 339. С. b3692.
49. Haines S.T., Park S.K. Vitamin D supplementation: what's known, what to do, and what's needed // Pharmacotherapy. 2012. № 32 (4). С. 354—382.
50. Шварц Г.Я., Витамин D, D-гормон и альфакальцидол: медицинские, молекулярно-биологические и фармакологические аспекты. // Украинский ревматологический журнал.-2009. т.37,№3,с.63-69.
51. Rizzoli R., Boonen S., Brandi M.L., Bruyère O., Cooper C., Kanis J.A., Kaufman J.M., Ringe J.D., Weryha G., Reginster J.Y. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) // Current medical research and opinion. 2013. № 29 (4). С. 305—313.
52. Schindler R., Mancilla J., Endres S., Ghorbani R., Clark S.C., Dinarello C.A. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF // Blood. 1990. № 75 (1). С. 40—47.
53. LaCroix A.Z., Kotchen J., Anderson G., Brzyski R., Cauley J.A., Cummings S.R., Gass M., Johnson K.C., Ko M., Larson J., Manson J.E., Stefanick M.L., Wactawski-Wende J. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and mortality in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D randomized controlled trial // The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2009. № 64 (5). С. 559—567.
54. Trivedi D.P., Doll R., Khaw K.T. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial // BMJ : British medical journal / British Medical Association. 2003. № 326 (7387). С. 469.
55. Kim D.H., Sabour S., Sagar U.N., Adams S., Whellan D.J. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in cardiovascular diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004) // The American journal of cardiology. 2008. № 102 (11). С. 1540—1544.
56. Kendrick J., Targher G., Smits G., Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey // Atherosclerosis. 2009. № 205 (1). С. 255—260.
57. Kadowaki T., Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors // Endocrine reviews. 2005. № 26 (3). С. 439—451. 

58. Косыгина А.В., Васюкова О.В. Новое в патогенезе ожирения: адипокины – гормоны жировой ткани // Проблемы эндокринологии.- 2009. т. 55,№1,с. 44-50. 

59. Waki H., Yamauchi T., Kamon J., Ito Y., Uchida S., Kita S., Hara K., Hada Y., Vasseur F., Froguel P., Kimura S., Nagai R., Kadowaki T. Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. Molecular structure and multimer formation of adiponectin // The Journal of biological chemistry. 2003. № 278 (41). С. 40352—40363.
60. Arita Y., Kihara S., Ouchi N., Takahashi M., Maeda K., Miyagawa J., Hotta K., Shimomura I., Nakamura T., Miyaoka K., Kuriyama H., Nishida M., Yamashita S., Okubo K., Matsubara K., Muraguchi M., Ohmoto Y., Funahashi T., Matsuzawa Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity // Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1999. № 257 (1). C. 79—83. 

61. Майоров А.Ю. Инсулинорезистентность в патогенезе сахарного диабета 2 типа. //Сахарный диабет.-2011.№1,с.35-43.

62. Yang W.S., Lee W.J., Funahashi T., Tanaka S., Matsuzawa Y., Chao C.L., Chen C.L., Tai T.Y., Chuang LM. Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin // The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2001. № 86 (8). С. 3815—3819.
63. Nieves J.W., Mosner M., Silverstein S. Osteoporosis // The New York state dental journal. 2012. № 78 (4). С. 30—35.
64. Dekker J.M., Funahashi T., Nijpels G., Pilz S., Stehouwer C.D., Snijder M.B., Bouter L.M., Matsuzawa Y., Shimomura I., Heine R.J. Prognostic value of adiponectin for cardiovascular disease and mortality // The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2008. № 93 (4). С. 1489—1496.
65. Бутрова С.А., Ершова Е.В., Ильин А.В., Мельниченко Г.А. Адипонектин у мужчин с абдоминальным ожирением // Ожирение и метаболизм. – 2006. № 2,-с.32-36. 

66. Shankar A., Marshall S., Li J. The association between plasma adiponectin level and hypertension // Acta cardiologica. 2008. № 63 (2). С. 160—165.
67. Iwashima Y., Katsuya T., Ishikawa K., Ouchi N., Ohishi M., Sugimoto K., Fu Y., Motone M., Yamamoto K., Matsuo A., Ohashi K., Kihara S., Funahashi T., Rakugi H., Matsuzawa Y., Ogihara T. Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension // Hypertension. 2004. № 43 (6). С. 1318—1323. 

68. Танянский Д.А., Фирова Э.М., Шатилина Л.В., Денисенко А.Д. Адипонектин: снижение содержания при метаболическом синдроме и независимая связь с гипертриглицеридемией. // Кардиология.-2008,№12, с.20-25.
69. Barbour K.E., Zmuda J.M., Boudreau R., Strotmeyer E.S., Horwitz M.J., Evans R.W., Kanaya A.M., Harris T.B., Bauer D.C., Cauley J.A. Adipokines and the risk of fracture in older adults // Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2011. № 26 (7). С. 1568—1576.
70. Wu N., Wang Q.P., Li H., Wu X.P., Sun Z.Q., Luo X.H. Relationships between serum adiponectin, leptin concentrations and bone mineral density, and bone biochemical markers in Chinese women // Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry. 2010. № 411 (9—10). С. 771—775.
71. Jürimäe J., Jürimäe T., Leppik A., Kums T. The influence of ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women // Journal of bone and mineral metabolism. 2008. № 26 (6). С. 618—623.
72. Napoli N., Pedone C., Pozzilli P., Lauretani F., Ferrucci L., Incalzi R.A. Adiponectin and bone mass density: The InCHIANTI study // Bone. 2010. № 47 (6). С. 1001—1005.
73. Bellido T., Jilka R.L., Boyce B.F., Girasole G., Broxmeyer H., Dalrymple S.A., Murray R., Manolagas S.C. Regulation of interleukin-6, osteoclastogenesis, and bone mass by androgens. The role of the androgen receptor // The Journal of clinical investigation. 1995. № 95 (6). С. 2886—2895.
74. Poli V., Balena R., Fattori E., Markatos A., Yamamoto M., Tanaka H., Ciliberto G., Rodan G.A., Costantini F. Interleukin-6 deficient mice are protected from bone loss caused by estrogen depletion // The EMBO journal. 1994. № 13 (5). С. 1189—1196.
75. Jilka R.L., Hangoc G., Girasole G., Passeri G., Williams D.C., Abrams J.S., Boyce B., Broxmeyer H., Manolagas S.C. Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6 // Science. 1992. № 257 (5066). С. 88—91.
76. Bastard J.P., Jardel C., Bruckert E., Blondy P., Capeau J., Laville M., Vidal H., Hainque B. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss // The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2000. № 85 (9). С. 3338—3342. 

77. Carey A.L., Bruce C.R., Sacchetti M., Anderson M.J., Olsen D.B., Saltin B., Hawley J.A., Febbraio M.A. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are not increased in patients with Type 2 diabetes: evidence that plasma interleukin-6 is related to fat mass and not insulin responsiveness // Diabetologia. 2004. № 47 (6). С. 1029—1037.
78. Chen J.T., Maruo N., Kato T., Hasumi E., Ogata E., Shiraki M., Morita I. Serum level of soluble interleukin 6 receptor, not interleukin 6, is correlated with bone resorption markers and lumbar bone mineral density after menopause // Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1996. № 10 (1). С. S347.
79. Febbraio M.A., Pedersen B.K. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles // FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002. № 16 (11). С. 1335—1347.
80. World Population Ageing 2009 / United Nations. URL: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPA2009/WPA2009_WorkingPaper.pdf (дата обращения 03.03.2016).