Our address:

107031, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kuznetsky Most, 20/6

tel./fax +7 (495) 621-4837, 625-9241, 625-7872

е-mail: info@radiotec.ru

Editor-in-Chief 

Yury V. Gulyaev Academician of RAS

(born September 18, 1935 in Tomilino, Moscow Oblast) is a Soviet and Russian physicist and inventor, Full Member and Member of the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences (1992), head of the Semiconductor Electronics chair in the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1971). Yuri Gulyayev works in the field of solid-state physics, radiophysics, electronics, computer science and medical electronics. Gulyayev is a pioneer in the fields of modern physics: acousto-electronics, acousto-optics, spin wave electronics.

In 1995, the International Astronomical Union named the asteroid 1976 YB2 as 6942 Yurigulyaev

Deputy Chief Editor:

Schukin Sergey Igorevich – Dr.Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia) (1st Deputy)

Goncharova Anna Georgievna – Dr.Sc. (Med.), State Scientific Center of RF – Institute of Biomedical Problems of RAS (Moscow, Russia)

Pirogov Yury Andreevich – Dr. Sc. (Phys.-Math.), Prof. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia)

Yuldashev Zafar Mukhamedovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI” (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Executive Secretary:

Briko Andrey Nikolaevich – Ph. D. (Eng.), Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

EDITORIAL BOARD

Basarab Dmitry Alexeevich – Ph.D. (Med.), Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph (Belgorod, Russia)

Gudkov Alexander Grigoryevich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

Gurzhin Sergey Grigoryevich – Ph.D. (Eng.), Ryazan State Radio Technical University (Ryazan, Russia)

Kirichuk Vyacheslav Fedorovich – Dr. Sc. (Med.), prof., Saratov Medical University (Saratov, Russia)

Kolesov Vladimir Vladimirovich – Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics n.a. V. A. Kotelnikov RAS (Moscow, Russia)

Krenitsky Alexander Pavlovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Central Research Institute of Measuring Equipment JSC (Saratov, Russia)

Kublanov Vladimir Semenovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Ural Federal University n.a. First President B.N. Yeltsin (Yekaterinburg, Russia)

Makarov Valery Nicolaevich – Dr. Sc. (Phys.-Math.), Prof., MIREA – Russian Technological University (Moscow, Russia)

Maslennikov Yuri Vasilievich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics n.a. V. A. Kotelnikov RAS (Moscow, Russia)

Matveichuk Igor Vasilevich - Dr.Sc. (Biol.), Prof., All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Moscow, Russia)

Medvedev Oleg Stefanovich – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Prof., Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia)

Nikolaev Alexander Petrovich – Dr. Sc. (Med.), Professor, Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

Petrov Vladimir Igorevich – Research Institute of Biomedical Technologies of Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

Rozanov Vladimir Viktorovich – Dr.Sc. (Biol.), Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia)

Samorodov Andrey Vladimirovich – Ph.D. (Eng.), Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

Savrasov Gennady Viktorovich – Dr.Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russia)

Selishchev Sergey Vasil’evich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Institute of Biomedical Systems of the National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology” (Moscow, Russia)

Smirnova Lyudmila Mikhailovna – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Associate Professor, G.A. Albrecht Federal Center for Rehabilitation of Disabled People (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Sushkova Lyudmila Tikhonovna – Drю. Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Vladimir State University n.a. A.G. and N.G. Stoletov (Vladimir, Russia)

Telyshev Dmitry Viktorovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Associate Professor, First Moscow State Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov (Moscow, Russia)

Yumatov Evgeny Antonovich – Dr.Sc. (Med.), Prof., Research Institute of Normal Physiology n.a. P.K. Anokhin (Moscow, Russia)

Zaychenko Kirill Vladimirovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Prof., St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Zhulev Vladimir Ivanovich – Dr. Sc. (Eng.), Prof., Ryazan State Radio Technical University (Ryazan, Russia)

The international scientific and applied journal publishes articles on biomaterials science, biomedical technologies and the interaction of physical fields and radiation with biological objects, as well as on the development of new radio-electronic devices for use in biology, biomedical technologies and medicine:

• Medicine
• Biotechnology
• Ecology
• Mechanisms of biological effects of electromagnetic fields
• Experiment
• Devices
• Fundamental problems of medicine
• New biomedical technologies
• Electromagnetic fields and human health
• Theory and practice of medical measurements

• Medicine
• Biotechnology
• Ecology
• Mechanisms of biological effects of electromagnetic fields
• Experiment
• Devices
• Fundamental problems of medicine
• New biomedical technologies
• Electromagnetic fields and human health
• Theory and practice of medical measurements

The journal conducts a double-blind peer review of manuscripts received. The reviewer reviews the manuscript without knowledge of the authors' names. Likewise, the author does not know the name of the reviewer. Correspondence between the author and the reviewer takes place via e-mail in the e-edition on the journal's website.

It is an open publications journal. All articles are made freely available to readers immediatly upon publication.

TASS news agency. Russian Book Chamber

Publishing Ethics

Compliance requirements of publication ethics in the preparation and publication of the journal  apply to all members of the publishing process, i.e., authors, editors, reviewers, and the publisher of the journal. The editorial board monitors compliance with the ethics requirements based on the manuals prepared by international specialized organizations, associations and publishers, as well as the Association of Science Editors and Publishers. The main standards relied on by the journal  are those developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (Committee on Publication Ethics) in the United Kingdom, by the publisher Elsevier (Netherlands), and other non-Russian editorial associations and information systems, as well as the declaration of "Ethical Principles of Scientific Publications", adopted by ASEP.

Responsibility of the editors of the journal

1. The editors are personally and independently responsible for the content of the materials published and recognize that responsibility. The reliability of the work in question and its scientific significance should always be the basis in the decision to publish.

2. The editors make fair and objective decisions, regardless of any commercial considerations and provide a fair and efficient process for the independent review.
3. The editors evaluate manuscripts' intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, origin, nationality, and/or the political preferences of the authors.
4. The editors do not work with articles for which they have a conflict of interest.

5. The editors resolve conflict situations arising during the editorial process, as well as use all available means to resolve these situations.

6. The editors of the journal publish information concerning corrections, rebuttals, and review articles in case the need arises.

7. The editors of the journal do not publish the final version of the article without the consent of the authors.

The responsibility of the reviewers of the journal 

1. The reviewer evaluates his or her own availability before the examination of the manuscript and accepts materials for review only if the reviewer is able to allow for sufficient time as to ensure the quality his or her work.
2. The reviewer notifies the editorial staff of any conflict of interest (if one exists) before the start of the review of the article.
3. The reviewer does not send information about the article and or any of the data contained within the article to any third party.
4. The reviewer does not use the information obtained from the article for any personal and or commercial purposes.
5. The reviewer does not make conclusions about the quality of the article on the basis of subjective data, e.g. the personal relationship to the author, gender, age, religion, etc.
6. The reviewer uses only proper and appropriate language and explanations in respect to the articles, avoiding any personal remarks.

The responsibility of the authors of material for the journal 

1. The author submits materials for review, which have not been previously published. If the article is based on previously published material which are not academic articles or based on materials presented on the Internet, the author should notify the editorial staff of the journal.
2. The author does not submit the same article to different journals for review.
3. All co-authors consent to the submission of their articles to the journal.
4. The author informs the editorial staff of a potential conflict of interest.
5. The author takes the necessary steps to ensure the correctness of citations in the submitted article.
6. The list of authors included only individuals who have made significant contributions to the research.
7. The author correctly cites his or her previous work as to avoid self-plagerism in the manuscript and the artificial increase of volume of publications (salami-slicing).
8. The author, who is acting as the contact with journal, informs all other co-authors of all changes and suggestions from the editorial staff, and does not make decisions regarding the article alone without the written consent of all co-authors.
9. The author properly corresponds with the reviewer through contact with the editor and responds to comments and observations if they arise.
10. If necessary, the authors either adjust the data presented in the article, or refute them.

The responsibility of the publisher of the journal 

1. The publisher not only supports scientific communication and  invests in the process, but is also responsible for complying with all current guidelines and standards for publishing scientific work.

2. The publisher does not affect the editorial policy of the journal.
3. The publisher provides legal support to the journal if necessary.
4. The publisher provides for the timely release of futures issues of the journal.
5. The publisher publishes changes, explanations, and recalls articles that have been identified to contain scientific misconduct and or critical errors.

Учредитель - ООО Издательство Радиотехника

Издатель - ООО ИПРЖР

Publication in the journal is free for authors.

The Radiotekhnika Publishing House does not charge a fee for reviewing manuscripts of articles and their reviewing.
A publication fee may be charged for: DOI registration and article metadata processing; registration of the bibliographic list in accordance with GOST; placement of the article in electronic databases, as well as providing open access to the full text of the article.

During the consideration of an article, the editorial staff of the journal may conduct a verification of the submitted materials with the help the Anti-plagiarism system. In the case of the discovery of multiple incidents of content matching, the editorial staff acts in accordance with the rules of COPE.

During the submission process, the author must confirm that the article has not been published and or accepted for publication in any other journal. When citing articles published in the journal, the publisher requests the authors to provide a link (the full URL of the material) to the official website of the journal.

Articles, which have been previously posted by the author on personal and or public websites that have no relationship to any other publishers, are allowed to be submitted to the journal.

Rules for authors

Procedure of reviewing scientific articles

1. Research papers, received by editorial board, answering the subjects of the journal, prepared in accordance with the requirements, undergo a peer-reviewing procedure.

2. In case of rejection of sending a manuscript to revision, author receives a reasoned reply.

3. We examine only previously unpublished manuscripts.

4. At author's discretion, external review can be presented when submitting an article. This does not exclude the usual procedure of reviewing.

5. Chief editor determines, whether an article answers the subject of the journal and meets the requirements, and forward it to reviewing to examination with PhD or ScD degree, who is a recognized expert on the subject of peer-reviewed material.

6. Reviewers are notified, that tall manuscript are the property of authors and contain information, that should not be disclosed. Reviewers are not allowed to make copies of articles. Reviewing is confidential. Breach of confidentiality is possible only when there is a statement for invalidity or falsification of materials. In all other cases it's preservation is obligatory.

7. Manuscript is passed to a reviewer without any information about the authors.

8. Time constraints for the procedure of reviewing is defined by the chief editor, individually for each case. Maximum reviewing period (between the date of acceptance of the manuscript by the editor till the editorial board makes it's decision) is 2 months.

9. The following items are pointed out in the review:

a) a compliance of the matter of an article with it's title; 

b) an assessment of the relevance of the content of a manuscript; 

c) an assessment of the form of the presented materials; 

d) an appropriateness of publishing an article; 

e) a description of the advantages and disadvantages of an article. 

In the final part of the review of the manuscript, on the basis of it's analysis, clear conclusions should be given, whether the publication can be published as is, or there is a need for its revision or processing (with constructive comments).

10. If the review contains recommendations for editing and (or) finalizing an article, it is sent to an author with a proposal to take into account the recommendations in preparing a new version of an article or arguments to refute them. An improved paper is sending back for reviewing.

11. In a case, where the reviewer does not recommend an article to publication, editorial board may send back an article to be rewritten, taking into account the comments made on it, as well as send it to another reviewer. Text of a negative review is also sent to an author.

12. Manuscripts, which receives contradictory reviews, should be forwarded to an additional reviewing. If a manuscript receives two negative reviews, publisher has a right to reject the submitted manuscript immediately and not to publish it.

13. The final decision on publication of an article is taken by the chief editor together with the scientific editor .

14. When a positive decision on publishing an article is taken, the author is informed. Text of a review is sent to an author via Internet.

15. Originals of the reviews are stored at the editorial office for 5 years.

16. On demand of the Ministry of Education and Science, the reviews are also sent to the Higher Attestation Commission and / or the Ministry.

17. The editors do not undertake any obligation on time constraints of publishing the manuscript.

18. Not prescribed to an obligatory reviewing:

• interviews and reports from the round tables, conferences, etc.;
• news, information and advertising messages and announcements.

THE AUTHORS ARE KINDLY ASKED TO FOLLOW THE LISTED BELOW RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR SUBMITTING THE MANUSCRIPT
(for manuscripts in English)

1. General Rules

1.1. The paper contents is submitted in two copies (including figures, figure captions, tables, and references) and must have an overall number of pages no more than 10-20.

1.2. The paper should be supplemented with the following documents:

• a submission letter from the scientific-technical council of the chair or the research institute;
• an expert report on the permission for disclosing the paper contents to the press;
• a signed cover letter from the submission author.

1.3. The paper must include:

• index of Universal Decimal Classification (UDC);
• full title of the paper;
• initials and names of the authors;
• name of institution (officially accepted abbreviation), where each author works;
• e-mail of each author;
• an abstract amounting to 70-120 words;
• the informative abstract of the scientific article not less than 350 words (for Russian-language articles - in English, for English-language articles - in Russian);
• keywords (3-10);
• the paper text itself;
• references;
• brief biographies the authors.

2. Rules for preparing the paper text

The paper text must be prepared according to the following requirements.

2.1. The text should be typed using Microsoft Office. Page margins should be left on all sides of each page: 2.5 cm (bottom), 2 cm (top), 3 cm (left side), and 1 cm (right side). The following requirements must be observed in typesetting: double line spacing, regular type, Times New Roman font with a size of 12 or 14 pt. Pages must be numbered.

2.2. The abstract should be comprehensive and reflect correctly the paper contents: problems, research methods and results.

2.3. Keywords must include the notions and terms used in the paper.

2.4. The paper structure should include:

• introduction (brief review of the state of the issue under consideration and statement of the problem to be solved in the paper;
• materials and methods for solving the problem and the made assumptions;
• results (basic contents of the paper, proofs of the presented propositions, initial and final mathematical expressions, experiments and calculation, examples and illustrations);
• discussion of obtained results and comparison of them with the previous results;
• conclusions (summary and recommendations).

2.5. The terms, measurement units, and notation conventions applied in the paper should be commonly used and included into the International System of Units (SI). Abbreviations should be defined the first time they are introduced in the text, except for the standard abbreviations of measurement units, physical, chemical, technical and mathematical quantities and terms.

2.6. Equations should be typed in MathType 6.0 and higher and in (or) Microsoft Equation using Times New Roman font with a size of 12 pt for lowercase symbols, 10 pt for indices and 9 pt for subindeces; indices and subindices must be clearly positioned.

2.7. Numbers of equations are placed in parentheses at extreme right; only equations referenced in the text should be numbered.

2.8. Tables are numbered in the order of their first citation in the text.

2.9. References to literature are given in the text in the order of their first citation in the text.

3. Requirements for preparing the figures

3.1. Figures should be incorporated in the text after the paragraph, in which the figure is cited for the first time. It is not recommended to place unnecessary details in the figure; text data, and notation conventions should be displaced to the figure caption with replacing them in the figure by numerals or letters corresponding to their designations in the paper text.

3.2. The figure originals with a resolution of 300 dpi must be submitted additionally as individual files: *.tif, *.jpg, *.bmp, *.png, and *.eps.

3.3. The figures obtained as a result of work with CAD- or other design software (NASTRAN, ANSYS, MATLAB, etc.) should be presented in formats indicated in 3.2 in order to use them for publication.

4. Regulations for the list of literature

4.1. Literature references (10-30 items) should be organized according to the following regulations determining the scope and sequence of the data to be indicated depending on the type of the cited literature:

• for papers of journals: names of all authors, full title of the paper, journal title, year of publication, volume, issue, number, numbers of pages;
• for books: names of all authors, full title of the book, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, volume in pages;
• for dissertation autoreferats: name of the author, title, place and year of defense;
• for preprints: names of all authors, title, title of publishing institution, cipher, number, place and a year;
• for patents: names of all authors, patent title, number and class of the patent, date and a year of declaration and patent publication;
• for Internet-based resource: full electronic address, allowing for access to the publication, and the date of citation.

4.2. If there are more than four authors in the cited work then, in order that all the authors be taken into account in the citation base, it is necessary to list all of them after the forward slash avoiding the “et al.” words.

4.3. The literature list should include references to urgent scientific works by domestic and foreign specialists, first of all, papers published for the last five years in the reviewed (indexed) scientific periodic editions.

4.4. It is not recommended to refer to materials of textbooks, educational books and popular scientific literature,

4.5. It is desirable to include no less than 10 references to scientific papers from journals in the literature list, avoiding the unsubstantiated self-citation.

4.6. The list of references has to include references to actual scientific works in the foreign indexed scientific publications (not less than 30% of total number of references).

5. Rules for preparing authors’ biographies

The author biography should include the following data:

• name and first name, etc. (in full form);
• academic degree;
• academic status;
• position;
• amount of published works and the field of research;
• title of the institution where the author works;
• complete address of the institution;
• contact information for communication with the author (telephone, e-mail).

To publish papers in the Publishing House Radiotekhnika is free of charge.

Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement

Peer reviewing is an essential model for our journals:

“Radiotekhnika” (Radioengineering);

“Antenny” (Antennas);

“Uspekhi sovremennoi radioelektroniki” (Achievements of Modern Radioelectronics);

“Elektromagnitnye volny I elektronnye sistemy” (Electromagnetic Waves and    Electronic Systems);

“Biomediczinskaya radioe`lektronika”( Biomedical Radioelectronics);

“Neirokompiutery” (Neurocomputers);

“Naukoemkie tekhnologii” (Science Intensive Technologies);

“Informatsionno-izmeritelnye i upravlyayushchie sistemy” (Information-measuring and Control Systems);

“Nelineinyi mir” (Nonlinear World);

"Tekhnologii zhivykh system” (Technologies of Living Systems);

“Sistemy' vy'sokoj dostupnosti” (Highly available systems);

“Dinamika slozhny'x sistem — XXI vek” (Dynamics of difficult systems -  XXI Century);

“Nanotexnologii: razrabotka, primenenie — XXI vek” (Nanotechnology: development and applications - XXI Century);

“Nanomaterialy' i nanostruktury' — XXI vek” (Nanomaterials and Nanostructures - XXI Century);

“Voprosy' biologicheskoj, mediczinskoj i farmaczevticheskoj ximii” (Problems of Biological, Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry).

It is necessary to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer and the publisher.

Our ethic statements are based on COPE’s Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors.

Publication decisions

The editor is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published.

The editor may be guided by the policies of the journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision.

Fair play

An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors.

Confidentiality

The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.

Disclosure and conflicts of interest

Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author.

Duties of Reviewers

Contribution to Editorial Decisions

Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper.

Promptness

Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.

Confidentiality

Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.

Standards of Objectivity

Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.

Acknowledgement of Sources

Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.

Disclosure and Conflict of Interest

Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.

Duties of Authors

Reporting standards

Authors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.

Data Access and Retention

Authors are asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should be prepared to provide public access to such data (consistent with the ALPSP-STM Statement on Data and Databases), if practicable, and should in any event be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.

Originality and Plagiarism

The authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others that this has been appropriately cited or quoted.

Multiple, Redundant or Concurrent Publication

An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.

Acknowledgement of Sources

Proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. Authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work.

Authorship of the Paper

Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors.

The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included on the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.

Hazards and Human or Animal Subjects

If the work involves chemicals, procedures or equipment that have any unusual hazards inherent in their use, the author must clearly identify these in the manuscript.

Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest

All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.

Fundamental errors in published works

When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain copyright of the work and provide the journal right of first publication of the work.
2. The authors retain the right to enter into certain contractual agreements relating to the non-exclusive distribution in the published version of the work here form (eg, post it to an institutional repository, the publication of the book), with reference to its original publication in this journal.
3. The authors have the right to post their work on the Internet (eg in the institute store or personal website) prior to and during the review process of its data log, as this may lead to a productive discussion and a large number of references to this work (See. The Effect of Open Access).

Specified when registering the names and addresses will be used solely for technical purposes of a contact with the Author or reviewers (editors) when preparing the article for publication. Private data will not be shared with other individuals and organizations.

«Biomedical Radioelectronics». The journal publishes articles on bio-material science, biomedical technologies, and the interaction of physical fields and radiation with biological objects, as well as the development of new electronic devices for use in biology, biomedical technology, and medicine. Established in 1998.