350 rub
Journal №9 for 2014 г.
Article in number:
Rare earths in living systems
Keywords: rare earth elements lanthanides toxicity
Authors:
A.M. Anuchin - Ph.D. (Biol.), Laboratory of spectroscopic research «Spektrum» Ltd, Moscow. E-mail: a.anuchin@lspektrum.ru
G.G. Youvs - Director of the Laboratory of spectroscopic research «Spektrum» Ltd, Moscow. E-mail: g.youvs@lspektrum.ru
Abstract:
Rare earths (REE) constitute a significant proportion (about 18%) of all elements of natural origin, i.e. are not so rare. Active use of REE in the industry leads to increased input of REE in the environment. REE distribution in the organ systems and rate of excretion is determined by the type of introducing and chemical form of REE-containing compounds. Chelated forms of REE rapidly excreted in the urine, the excretion rate of unchelated ions is constituent lower in consequence of colloid formation in the blood. Chronic exposure with high REE content silt increases the expectance lung fibrosis development due to crystallization of phosphate. Combined administration of insulin and REE leads to leads to increased insulin absorption in the lung. LaCl3 reduces the development of phosphate-induced vascular calcification induced by disturbance of mineral metabolism. Low concentrations of LaCl3 inhibit the induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells. REE administration applies an increase of free radicals formation, leading to oxidative stress, stimulation of the activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and hypertension. Liver damage caused by REE is associated with a decrease in the activity of RNA polymerase 1 and 2, increase of triglycerides and bile acids amount and reduction of glycogen content in the liver tissue. Oral administration of CeCl3 induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the sequence: TLRs → TNF-a → NIK → IκB → NF-kB in the liver cells. Elevated level of REE is associated with impaired cognitive function, developmental disabilities and reduced intelligence of humans. Lanthanide ions modulate synaptic transmission and release mediators, blocking some membrane receptors, e.g., glutamate receptor in neurons. Ho, La, Tb block calcium channels in the T-type neuronal cells of rat and human. REE can replace calcium on the bone surface. That is used for the synthesis of lanthanide-containing biomaterials. La3+ stimulates osteoblasts division associated with apoptosis by initiation of phosphorylation of intracellular kinase ERK. Localization study of REE in different types of bone mineralization defects showed no correlation between the localization of REE and the presence of defects.
Pages: 39-46
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