V.A. Gavrilov1, P.V. Kapitanova2

1, 2 ITMO University (St. Petersburg, Russia)
1 vagavrilov@itmo.ru, 2 p.kapitanova@metalab.ifmo.ru

Introduction. The mass adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), including commercial fleets, warehouse logistics, and robotic platforms, is hindered by conventional wired charging, which requires mechanical contact, causes connector wear, and prevents full automation. This paper addresses the transition to wireless power transfer (WPT) for EV battery charging.

WPT system architecture. A WPT system is based on Faraday’s induction, transferring energy across an air gap via transmitting and receiving coils. The transmitting side includes a power source, a converter (with power factor correction, regulator, and inverter operating at 20–150 kHz), and a compensation network. The receiving side has a compensation network, rectifier, and battery. A control system manages power flow, efficiency, misalignment compensation, charging modes, emergency shutdown, and foreign object detection.

Coil topologies. Coil geometry affects inductance, coupling coefficient, and efficiency. Three main types are analyzed. Circular spiral coils with ferrites are common for 3.7 kW but introduce hysteresis losses. Double-D coils improve coupling, misalignment tolerance, and reduce stray fields. Polyphase coils create rotating magnetic fields, achieving 8–10 times higher power density; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) demonstrated 120 kW at 97% efficiency and targets 250–300 kW for 15 minute charging. Multi coil arrays enhance misalignment tolerance. However, misalignment and air gap variation (100–250 mm per SAE J2954) reduce efficiency.

Compensation topologies. These match impedances using series or parallel elements. Higher order topologies (three or more elements), such as series/series parallel compensation, offer higher efficiency and lower sensitivity to misalignment. Controllable circuits further improve tolerance to load variations.

Power converters and rectifiers. A resonant class D bridge inverter with soft switching reduces dynamic losses and improves power density. Synchronous MOSFET rectifiers minimize voltage drop, enhancing overall efficiency.

Control system. Pulse width modulation with maximum power point tracking and phase shift control maintains efficiency under temperature variations, misalignment, and frequency detuning. Thermal effects and manufacturing tolerances remain challenges.

Increasing power transfer. Wide bandgap semiconductors (SiC, GaN) enable higher frequencies, wider temperature operation, and increased power density. Compared to silicon MOSFETs, GaN and SiC improve efficiency under misalignment, allowing more compact, powerful systems.

Thermal management. For 85 kHz systems, a coupling coefficient of 0.15–0.23 limits efficiency drop to below 5%. At 50 kW in constant current mode, coils reach 170 °C. Active cooling (forced air, heat pipes) and phase change materials reduce peak temperature from 91.5 °C to 80 °C. Heat pipes achieve better temperature uniformity (5.27 °C vs. 18.7 °C with water cooling), improving battery lifespan.

Electromagnetic safety. High power raises field strengths, posing risks to biological tissues. Russian and international standards prescribe limits for fields, leakage currents, and touch voltages below 150 kHz. Research focuses on compliant systems ensuring human and animal safety.

Compatibility of WPT systems. SAE J2954 specifies 85 kHz, 3.7–11 kW, object detection, and alignment. China’s GB/T 38775 extends power to 66 kW and above. Russia adopts IEC 61980 (79–90 kHz, 3.7–11 kW, safety, and communication protocols).

Comparison of modern WPT systems for charging electric vehicle batteries. WiTricity achieved 11 kW at 97% efficiency (2019). ORNL demonstrated 120 kW at 97% (2018). Momentum Dynamics reached 300 kW at 90% (2020). Hyundai achieved 100 kW at 96% (2024), enabling 50% charge in under 20 minutes. Porsche demonstrated 270 kW at 95% (2024). Polyphase coils deliver 8–10 times higher power density, enabling integration into roads, parking, and warehouses.

Conclusion. WPT is now a viable alternative to wired charging, driven by automation, convenience, and unmanned EV operation. Prio­rities include advanced coils, resonant topologies, wide bandgap semiconductors, and adaptive control. Achieved power levels of 270–300 kW at ~95% efficiency enable refueling comparable charging times. Challenges remain in electromagnetic safety, thermal management, and standardization above 11 kW. Unified standards and infrastructure integration will accelerate global transport electrification.

Gavrilov V.A., Kapitanova P.V. Current trends in the development of wireless power transfer systems for charging batteries of electric vehicles // Achievements of modern radioelectronics. 2026. V. 80. № 7. P. 14–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18127/j20700784-202607-02

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