L.M. Saptarova1, E.A. Imelbaeva2, A.V. Tukhbatova3, D.B. Miyarova4, Sh.N. Galimov5

1–5 Bashkir State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Ufa, Russia)

1 saptarovaliliana@yandex.ru, 2 imelbaeva@mail.ru, 3 tuhbatovaav@yandex.ru, 5 sngalim@mail.ru

This review presents the biological role, individual nomenclature, biogenesis and biomarkers of the main and most important groups of ribonucleic acid (RNA) – microRNAs. More than 50 works were reviewed on the issue of studying the role of microRNAs: reference books, encyclopedias, review and analytical articles. Articles in the journals "Clinical Laboratory diagnostics" (2021-2023years), "Malignant tumors", "Clinical Oncogematology", "Fundamental Research" (2013-2015years), "Cardiology", "Preventive Medicine" (2018), "Issues of Oncology", "Bulletin of the Russian State Medical University".

The results of the literature analysis showed that the main role of microRNAs is to suppress gene expression through RNA interference during translation, which leads to histone modification and methylation at the DNA promoter site. microRNAs can be located in exons and introns of various other genes, but they are regulated only with their own genes. microRNAs regulate genome expression and cause changes in major signaling pathways and metabolism. Circulating microRNA is involved in all cellular processes, in cell differentiation of stem cells, proliferation, adipogenesis and apoptosis. They are modified and secreted in accordance with the physiological or pathological conditions of these cells.

The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of various types of pathology is discussed, and decreases and increases in the expression of microRNA genes in various diseases are presented. The prospects of microRNAs in the future for their use in medicine as diagnostic and pharmacological agents, as an indicator of survival in various diseases are shown. They are presented in the perspective of the use of microRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, obesity and malignant neoplasms.

Saptarova L.M., Imelbaeva E.A., Tukhbatova A.V., Miyarova D.B., Galimov Sh.N. Prospects for the use of microRNA. Technologies of Living Systems. 2025. V. 22. № 2. Р. 49-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18127/j20700997-202502-05 (In Russian).

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