N.R. Emer1, V.P. Panin2, V.V. Krasnov3

1–3 All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (FGBNU VILAR) (Moscow, Russia)

1 emer2005s@gmail.com, 2 zip1@list.ru, 3 v.v.krasnov@mail.ru

Modern strategies of bone defects recovery are aimed at preserving and improving standard methods of auto- and alloplasty, introducing to practice the use of xenogeneic biomaterials and development of an interdisciplinary approach which brings together new achievements in bioengineering and materials science. The methods used are aimed at creating mechanically- and biocompatible grafts which can be used to repair significant bone damage. To make grafts, both donor bone (autogenous, allogeneic and xenogeneic), bioengineered products and artificial materials are used. Autografts provide the best compatibility with recipient tissues. Allografts have all the advantages of natural bone tissue, but their production is more labor-intensive. There is an increasing number of articles reporting the use of xenografts. Tissue-engineered structures - “scaffolds” - in which human stem cells, growth factors, and artificial materials are combined to produce bone tissue have great potential. The chemical composition of the scaffold affects its compatibility with cells and tissues. Thus, material selection is an important part of bone engineering. To create scaffolds demineralized bone tissue, bioceramics, metals, and polymers are used. But composite materials are the leaders, because they combine the advantages of natural and artificial substances. In general, successful graft creation depends on many factors. But the most important are safety issues, and in particular biosafety. The problems of disinfection have not yet been completely resolved. The scientific literature presents an extensive list of sterilization methods. The most common and economically feasible methods are ionizing radiation and ethylene oxide sterilization. There are many protocols, adapted for application to various materials, in the group of thermal sterilization methods. Ultraviolet and microwave radiation, low-temperature plasma, and liquid chemical media are used as independent sterilizing agents and in combination to develop methods that have a gentle effect on the transplant. Тhe use of supercritical substances makes it possible to include the sterilization process in the production cycle of bone replacement material. The use of nanomaterials and nanostructures makes it possible to impart unique properties to the graft material, providing a self-sterilization effect. Thus, achievements in materials science, the development of tissue engineering and the creation of unique materials with new properties are updating the issues of biosafety and comprehensive solutions to sanitary, medical, engineering and economic problems.

Emer N.R., Panin V.P., Krasnov V.V. Microbiological safety of bone replacement materials: methodological basis and development strategy. Technologies of Living Systems. 2024. V. 21. № 2. Р. 18-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18127/j20700997-202402-02 (In Russian).

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