O.S. Sotnikov

Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia)

The study of interneuronal integration in the nervous system and obtaining noceceptive phenomena of its activity depends on the nature of the relationship between the bodies and neurons of the active plexus, which have direct, sequential and reverse directions of nerve impulses. The main problems lie in the fact that at present there are no experimental models of electric synapses, not the possible inverse models of the routes, not proven individual role of mediator or electric options, animation spikes not received a real model reverberation of the living brain in the experiment.

The aim of the study is to analyze the possible morpho-physiological relationship between a series of electrical synapses and frequency cyclic pulsation.

Electron microscopically, for the first time, interneuronal slit contacts were obtained by treating the frog sympathetic ganglia with a 0.4% solution of pronase. A hypothetical route of a single electrical pulse traversing a group of electrical synapses and the possible occurrence of rhythmic reverberation pulses at the diverting electrode is graphically modeled. To confirm the graphical model, electrophysiological experiments were performed with single stimuli and the total withdrawal of activity from the ganglion. The reverberation of the impulses occurs only when three electrical synapses are successively overcome.

The results of experiments and graphical models can be used to develop neurostimulators of a different principle This expands the possibilities of working memory research and experimentation on samples of nervous pathology in animals

Sotnikov O.S. A series of experimental electrical synapses and reverberation of a nerve impulse. Technologies of Living Systems. 2021. V. 18. № 3. Р. 52−57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18127/j20700997-202103-05 (in Russian).

1. Lorentе de Nö R. Vestibulo-ocular reflex arc. Arch. Neurol. Psych. 1933. V. 30. № 2. P. 245–291. 
2. Curti S., O'Brien J. Characteristics and plasticity of electrical synaptic transmission. BMC Cell Biol. 2016. V. 17. Suppl. 1. P. 13. DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0091-y. 17
3. Constantinidis C., Wang X.J. A neural circuit basis for spatial working memory. Neuroscientist. 2004. V. 10. № 6. P. 553–565. 
4. Ribeiro S., Nicolelis M.A. Reverberation, storage, and postsynaptic propagation of memories during sleep. Learn. Mem. 2004. V. 11.  № 6. P. 686–696.
5. Eccles J.C. The understanding of the brain. NY: McGraw-Hill. 1973. 283 p.
6. Nicholls J.G., Martin A.R., Wallas B.J., Fuchs P.A. From neuron to brain. M.: Mir. 2008. 671 p.
7. Bissiere S., Zelikowsky M., Ponnusamy R., Jacobs N.S., Blair H.T., Fanselow M.S. Electrical synapses control hippocampal contributions to fear learning and memory. Science. 2011. V. 331. № 6013. P. 87–91. DOI: 10.1126/science.1193785
8. Galarreta M., Hestrin S. A network of fast-spiking cells in the neocortex connected by electrical synapses. Nature. 1999. V. 402.  № 6757. P. 72–75.
9. Maciunas K., Snipas M., Paulauskas N., Bukauskas F.F. Reverberation of excitation in neuronal networks interconnected through voltage-gated gap junction channels. J. Gen. Physiol. 2016. V. 147. № 3. P. 273–288. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511488
10. Sotnikov O.S., Lukovnikova M.N., Vasyagina N.Yu., Laktionova A.A., Paramonova N.M. Deystviye proteoliticheskikh fermentov na zhivyye neyrony mollyuska. Morfologiya. 2009. T. 136. Vyp. 5. S. 36–41 (in Russian).
11. Nagy J.I., Pereda A.E., Rash J.E. Electrical synapses in mammalian CNS: Past eras, present focus and future directions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2018. V. 1860. № 1. P. 102–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.019
12. Siegel M., Warden M.R., Miller E.K. Phase-dependent neuronal coding of objects in short-term memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2009. V. 106. P. 21341–21346. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908193106
13. Sohal V.S., Zhang F., Yizhar O., Deisseroth K. Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance. Nature. 2009. V. 459. P. 698–702. DOI: 10.1038/nature07991
14. Gonzalez-Islas C., Garcia-Bereguiain M.A., O'Flaherty B., Wenner P. Tonic nicotinic transmission enhances spinal GABAergic presynaptic release and the frequency of spontaneous network activity. Dev. Neurobiol. 2016. V. 76. № 3. P. 298–312. DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22315
15. Sergeyeva S.S., Sotnikov O.S., Paramonova N.M. Sposob sozdaniya neyrofiziologicheskoy modeli prostoy nervnoy sistemy. obladayushchey reverberatsiyey. Ros. fiziol. zhurnal. im. I.M. Sechenova. 2020. T. 106. № 8. S. 1–7 (in Russian).