D. Yu. Zhdanova – Post-graduate Student, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

E-mail: ddzhdanova@mail.ru

N. V. Bobkova – Ph.D. (Biol.), Head of Laboratory, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

E-mail: nbobkova@mail.ru

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which affects the brain structures that are responsible for performing such higher brain functions as learning and memory. Despite the growing number of patients with this pathology, which inevitably leads to death, effective treatment has not yet been found. At present, the search for new potential therapeutic agents from AD is an important aim for basic and medical science all over the world. Cell therapy, which has received widespread in recent years, could be an alternative pharmacological method for treating AD. The use of “adult” stem cells, such as neural stem cells, as well as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs), isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, placental fluid, Wharton's umbilical cord, would compensated the loss of neurons, observed in AD, and due to the release of biologically active compounds would had a protective effect on the remaining alive nerve cells. It has been established that MMSCs secrete exosomes containing many growth factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, membrane receptors and microRNAs. However, there are a number of possible negative effects of using MMSC related to their ability to stimulate the growth of malignant neoplasms, and to the risk of their own transformation into cancer cells. Intravenous administration of MMSC is complicated by the occurrence of thrombosis. Therefore, the attention of researchers is currently focused on the study of exosomes, the use of which has a number of advantages compared with stem cells. As compared with MMSC, exosomes have, above all, a higher level of safety, since these vesicles do not replicate, they are more resistant to environmental influences than cells. Nanoscale size is characteristic of exosomes, which reduces the possibility of microvascular thrombosis. In addition, they can be stored for long periods of time without loss of functional activity. In the exosomes from MMSC, a wide spectrum of miRNAs was found that can not only stimulate neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and improve cognitive functions, but are biomarkers of different neurodegenerative diseases. In the exosomes from MMSC, a wide spectrum of miRNAs was found that can not only stimulate neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and improve cognitive functions, but are biomarkers of different neurodegenerative diseases, that may be used for earlier diagnostics and detection the stage of disease. This will facilitate the timely detection and selection of the optimal treatment strategy.

Zhdanova D.Yu., Bobkova N.V. Prospects for using of exosomes for diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurocomputers. 2020. Vol. 22. No. 4. P. 55–60. DOI: 10.18127/j19998554-202004-10. (in Russian)

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