350 rub
Journal Achievements of Modern Radioelectronics №6 for 2016 г.
Article in number:
Electrically small antennas. Part 1
Keywords: electrically small antenna the main restrictions
Authors:
К.N. Klimov - Dr.Sc. (Eng.), Professor, Leading Research Scientist, JSC «LEMZ R&P Corp.». E-mail: const0@mail.ru А.S. Godin - Engineer, JSC «LEMZ R&P Corp.». E-mail: andrey.godin@gmail.com D.S. Gezha - Heads of Technical Departments, LLC «Metriktest». E-mail: dmitry.gez@gmail.com
Abstract:
Transceiver modules as airborne and terrestrial communications systems for different purposes are becoming increasingly miniaturized. That is why the size reduction of antenna systems is an extremely urgent task. The greatest difficulty arises when attempting to reduce the size of antennas emitters since their dimensions are determined by the working wavelength. In most foreign publications important consideration for practical application of the question of the design of electrically small antennas (ESA) begins with references to the work of Harold and Wheeler (Harold, Wheeler) [1,2]. Note that the ESA has the following features: low radiation resistance, a large reactance, low efficiency, narrow bandwidth of working frequencies, large active losses in the matching network. We present below the main restrictions on the parameters of ESA, and then look at the main types of ESA, which offer a variety of authors.
Pages: 47-62
References

 

  1. Wheeler H.A. Fundamental Limitations of Small Antennas // Proc. IRE. Dec. 1947. V. 35. P. 1479-1484.
  2. Wheeler H.A. A Helical Antenna for Circular Polarization // Proc. IRE. Dec. 1947. V. 35. P. 1484-1488.
  3. Chu L.J. Physical Limitations of Omni-Directional Antennas // J Appl Physics. Dec. 1948. V. 19. P. 1163-1175.
  4. Hansen R.C. Fundamental Limitations in Antennas // Proc. IEEE. Feb. 1981. V. 69. P. 170-182.
  5. Harrington R.F. Effect of Antenna Size on Gain, Bandwidth, and Efficiency // J Res NBS. Jan. - Feb. 1960. V. 64D. P. 1-12.
  6. Collin R.E., Rothschild S. Evaluation of Antenna Q // Trans. IEEE. Jan. 1964. V. AP-12. P. 23-27.
  7. Collin R.E. Minimum Q of Small Antennas // J EM Waves Appl. 1998. V. 12. P. 1369-1393.
  8. McLean J.S. A Re-Examination of the Fundamental Limits on the Radiation Q of Electrically Small Antennas // Trans. IEEE. May 1996. V. AP-44. P. 672-676.
  9. Fante R.L. Quality Factor of General Ideal Antennas // Trans. IEEE. March 1969. V. AP-17. P. 151-155.
  10. Thiele G.A., Detweiler P.L., Penno R.P. On the Lower Bound of the Radiation Q for Electrically Small Antennas // Trans. IEEE. June 2003. V. AP-51. P. 1263-1269.
  11. Hujanen A., Sten J.C.E. Bandwidth Limitations of Impedance Matched Ideal Dipoles // Trans. IEEE. Oct. 2005. V. AP-53.  P. 3236-3239.
  12. Kalafus R.M. On the Evaluation of Antenna Quality Factors // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1969. V. AP-17. P. 729-732.
  13. Underhill M.J., Harper M. Simple Circuit Model of Small Tuned Loop Antenna Including Observable Environmental Effects // Electronics Lett. 29 Aug. 2002. V. 38. P. 1006-1008.
  14. Underhill M.J., Harper M. Small Antenna Input Impedances That Contradict Chu-Wheeler Q Criterion // Electronics Lett. 29 May 2003. V. 39. P. 828-830.
  15. Hansen R.C. Electrically Small, Superdirective, and Superconducting Antennas // Wiley. June 2006. P. 168.
  16. Kwon D.-H. On the Radiation Q and the Gain of Crossed Electric ang Magnetic Dipole Moments // Trans. IEEE. May 2005.  V. AP-53. P. 1681-1687.
  17. Chaloupka H. On the Frequency Bandwidth of Functionally Small Antennas // Proc. URSI Symp EM Theory. Aug. 1992.  P. 266-268.
  18. Geyi W. Physical Limitations of Antenna // Trans. IEEE. Aug. 2003. V. AP-51. P. 2116-2123.
  19. Geyi W. A Method for the Evaluation of Small Antenna Q // Trans. IEEE. Aug. 2003. V. AP-51. P. 2124-2129.
  20. Foster R.M. A Reactance Theorem // BSTJ. April 1924. V. 3. P. 259-267.
  21. Bode H.W. Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design / D. Van Nostrand Co. 1945.
  22. Guillemin E.A. Communications Network / 1935. V. 2. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter V.
  23. Fano R.M. Theoretical Limitations of the Broadband Matching of Arbitrary Impedances // J Franklin Institute. Feb. 1950. V. 249. P. 139-154.
  24. Fano R.M. A Note on the Solution of Certain Approximation Problems in Network Synthesis // J Franklin Institute. March 1950. V. 249. P. 189-205.
  25. Matthaei G.L., Young, L., Jones E.M.T. Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures / McGraw-Hill. 1964. Sections 4.09, 4.10.
  26. Harrington R.F. Field Computation by Moment Methods / Macmillan. 1968. P. 10-81.
  27. Hujanen A., Sten J.C.E. Bandwidth Limitations of Impedance Matched Ideal Dipoles // Trans. IEEE. Oct. 2005. V. AP-53.  P. 3236-3239.
  28. Wegstein J. Algorithm 2 / CACM. 1960. V. 3. № 2. P. 74.
  29. Wong J.L., King H.E. Height-Reduced Meander Zigzag Monopoles with Broad-Band Characteristics // Trans. IEEE. May 1986. V. AP-34. P. 716-717.
  30. Best S.R. The Radiation Properties of Electrically Small Folded Spherical Helix Antennas // Trans. IEEE. April 2004. V. AP-52. P. 953-960.
  31. Best S.R. Low Q Electrically Small Linear and Elliptical Polarized Spherical Dipole Antennas // Trans. IEEE. March 2005. V. AP-53. P. 1047-1053.
  32. Guertler R.J.F. Impedance Transformation in Folded Dipoles // Proc. IRE. Sept. 1950. V. 38. P. 1042-1047.
  33. Hansen R.C. Folded and T-Match Dipole Transformation Ratio // Trans. IEEE. Jan. 1982. V. AP-30. P. 161-162.
  34. Harrison C.W., King R.W.P. Folded Dipoles and Loops // Trans. IRE. March 1961. V. AP-9. P. 171-187.
  35. Leonhard J. et al. Folded Unipole Antennas // Trans. IRE. July 1955. V. AP-3. P. 111-116.
  36. Francavilla L.A. et al. Mode-Matching Analysis of Top-Hat Monopole Antennas Loaded with Radially Layered Dielectric // Trans. IEEE. Jan. 1999. V. AP-47. P. 179-185.
  37. Markov G.T., Sazonov A.M. Antenny. M.: EHnergija. 1975.
  38. Goubau G. Multi-Element Monopole Antennas // Proc Workshop on Elec Small Ant USARO. 6-7 May 1976. Durham. N. Carolina. P. 63-67.
  39. Friedman C.H. Wide-Band Matching of a Small Disk-Loaded Monopole // Trans. IEEE. Oct. 1985. V. AP-33. P. 1142-1148.
  40. Jung J.-H., Park I. Electromagnetically Coupled Small Broadband Monopole Antenna // IEEE Ant Wireless Propagation Lett. 2003. V. 2. P. 349-351.
  41. Middleton W.M. Reference Data for Engineers / Newnes-Butterworth-Heinemann. 2002. Section 4.20.
  42. Balanis C.A. Antenna Theory / John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
  43. Hansen R.C., Burke M. Antennas with Magneto-Dielectrics // Microwave Optical Tech Lett. 20 July 2000. V. 26. P. 75-78.
  44. Wheeler H.A. Transmission-Line Propagationerties of Parallel Strips Separated by a Dielectric Sheet // Trans. IEEE. Mar. 1965. V. MTT-13. P. 172-185.
  45. Hansen R.C. Phased Array Antennas / John Wiley & Sons. 1998. Section 5.4.3.
  46. Walser R.M. Electromagnetic Metamaterials. In Complex Mediums II: Beyond Linear Isotropic Dielectrics, Lakhtakia, A. Werner, S.W. Hodgkinson, I.J., Eds. // Proc SPIE. 2001. V. 4467. P. 1-15.
  47. Deschamps G.A., Sichak W. Microstrip Microwave Antenna // Proc. 1953. USAF Antenna R&D Symp, Allerton, IL.
  48. Taga T. Analysis of Planar Inverted-F Antennas and Antenna Design for Portable Radio Equipment. Chap. 5 in Analysis, Design, And Measurement of Small And Low-profile Antennas / Hirasawa K., Haneishi M. Eds. Artech House, 1992.
  49. Pinhas S., Shtrikman S. Comparison between Computed and Measured Bandwidth of Quarter-Wave Microstrip Radiators // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1988. V. AP-36. P. 1615-1616.
  50. Taga T., Tsunekawa K. Performance Analysis of a Built-In Planar Inverted-F Antenna for 800 MHz Band Portable Radio Units // Trans. IEEE. June 1987. V. SAC-5. P. 921-929.
  51. Rosa E.B., Grover F.W. Formulas and Tables for the Calculation of Mutual and Self-Inductance / NBS Circular 169. 18 Dec. 1916. P. 135.
  52. Smith G.S. Proximity Effect in Systems of Parallel Conductors // J Appl. Phys. May 1972. V. 43. P. 2196-2203.
  53. Terman F.E. Radio Engineers - Handbook / McGraw-Hill. 1943. Section 2.
  54. Wait J.R. Receiving Propagationerties of a Wire Loop with a Spheroidal Core // Can J Tech. Jan. 1953. V. 31. P. 9-14.
  55. Wait J.R. The Receiving Loop with a Hollow Prolate Spheroidal Core // Can J Tech. June 1953. V. 31. P. 132-137.
  56. Hatke G.F. Conditions for Unambiguous Source Location Using Polarization Diverse Arrays // IEEE 27th Asilomar Conf 1993. P. 1365-1369.
  57. Overfelt P.L. Electric Lines of Force of an Electrically Small Dipole-Loop Antenna Array // Trans. IEEE. March 1998. V. AP-46. P. 451-456.
  58. Ko C.C., Zhang J., Nehorai A. Separation and Tracking of Multiple Broadband Sources with One Electromagnetic Vector Sensor // Trans. IEEE. July 2002. V. AES-38. P. 1109-1116.
  59. ZHeksenov M.A., Petrov A.S. Skhemy na LC-ehlementakh, prednaznachennye dlja vozbuzhdenija turniketnykh izluchatelejj, sostojashhikh iz trekh ehlektricheskikh i trekh magnitnykh dipolejj // Radioehlektronika. 2014. T. 59. № 4. S. 317.
  60. ZHeksenov M.A., Petrov A.S. Konformnye antennye reshetki s izluchateljami EH3M3 // Radioehlektronika. 2014. T. 59. № 5. S. 467.
  61. ZHeksenov M.A., Petrov A.S. Adaptivnaja antennaja reshetka, realizovannaja na izluchatele EH3M3 // Radioehlektronika. 2014. T. 59. № 7. S. 653-656.
  62. James J.R., Burrows R.M. Resonance Properties of Dielectric-Loaded Short Unipoles // Electronics Lett. 12 July 1973. V. 9.  P. 300-302.
  63. Long S.A., McAllister M.W., Shen L.C. The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Cavity Antenna // Trans. IEEE. May 1983. V. AP-31. P. 406-412.
  64. McAllister M.W., Long S.A., Conway G.L. Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna // Electronics Lett. 17 March 1983. V. 19. P. 218-219.
  65. Mridula S. et al. Characteristics of a Microstrip-Excited High-Permittivity Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 2004. Feb. 20. V. 40. P. 316-318.
  66. Bijumon P.V. et al. T-Strip-Fed High-Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Broadband Applications // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 5 Nov. 2005. V. 47. P. 226-228.
  67. McAllister M.W., Long S.A. Resonant Hemispherical Dielectric Antenna // Electronics Lett. 2 Aug. 1984. V. 20. P. 657-659.
  68. Leung K.W., To M.W. Slot-Coupled Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using a Proximity Feed on a Perpendicular Substrate // Electronics Lett. 25 Sept. 1997. V. 33. P. 1665-1666.
  69. Leung K.W. et al. Excitation of Dielectric Resonator Antenna Using a Soldered-Through Probe // Electronics Lett. Feb. 27. 1997a. V. 33. P. 349-350.
  70. Eshrah I.A. et al. Theory and Implementation of Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited by a Waveguide Slot // Trans. IEEE. Jan. 2005. V. 53. P. 483-494.
  71. Leung K.W. et al. Circular-Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna Excited by Dual Conformal Strips // Electronics Lett. 16 March 2000. V. 36. P. 484-486.
  72. Leung K.W. et al. Theory and Experiment of an Aperture-Coupled Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1995. V. AP-43. P. 1192-1198.
  73. Mongia R.K. Half-Split Dielectric Resonator Placed on Metallic Plane for Antenna Applications // Electronics Lett. 30 March 1989. V. 25. P. 462-464.
  74. Kishk A.A., Glisson A.W., Junker G.P. Study of Broadband Dielectric Resonator Antennas // Antenna Applications Symposium. Allerton, IL. 1999. P. 45-68.
  75. Leung K.W. et al. Low-Profile Circular Disk DR Antenna of Very High Permittivity Excited by a Microstripline // Electronics Lett. 5 June 1997. V. 33. P. 1004-1005.
  76. Kishk A.A. et al. Conical Dielectric Resonator Antennas for Wide-Band Applications // Trans. IEEE. April 2002. V. AP-50.  P. 469-474.
  77. Mongia R.K. Reduced Size Metallized Dielectric Resonator Antennas // IEEE AP Symp Dig. 1997. V. 35. P. 2202-2205.
  78. Moon J.-I., Park S.-O. Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Dual-Band PCS/IMT-2000 // Electronics Lett. 8 June 2000. V. 36.  P. 1002-1003.
  79. Cormos D. et al. Compact Dielectric Resonator Antenna for WLAN Applications // Electronics Lett. Apr. 3. 2003. V. 39.  P. 588-590.
  80. Li B., Leung K.W. Strip-Fed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas with/without a Parasitic Patch // Trans. IEEE. July 2005. V. AP-53. P. 2200-2207.
  81. Leung K.W. et al. Bandwidth Enhancement of Dielectric Resonator Antenna by Loading a Low-Profi le Dielectric Disk of Very High Permittivity // Electronics Lett. 24 April 1997. V. 33. P. 725-726.
  82. Fan Z., Antar Y.M.M. Slot-Coupled DR Antenna for Dual-Frequency Operation // Trans. IEEE. Feb. 1997. V. AP-45. P. 306-308.
  83. Kumar A.V.P. et al. Microstripline Fed Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Dual-Band Operation // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. Oct. 20. 2005. V. 47. P. 150-153.
  84. Paul B. et al. A Compact Very-High-Permittivity Dielectric-Eye Resonator Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applications // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 20 Oct. 2004. V. 43. P. 118-121.
  85. Sung Y., Ahn C.S., Kim Y.S. Microstripline Fed Dual-Frequency Dielectric Resonator Antenna // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 5 Sept. 2004. V. 42. P. 388-390.
  86. Nannini C. et al. A Dual-Frequency Dielectric Resonator Antenna // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 5 July 2003. V. 38. P. 9-10.
  87. Glisson A.W., Kajfez D., James J. Evaluation of Modes in Dielectric Resonators Using a Surface Integral Equation Formulation // Trans. IEEE. Dec. 1983. V. MTT-31. P. 1023-1029.
  88. Kajfez D., Glisson A.W., James J. Computed Modal Field Distributions for Isolated Dielectric Resonators // Trans. IEEE. Dec. 1984. V. MTT-32. P. 1609-1616.
  89. Mongia R.K. Theoretical and Experimental Resonant Frequencies of Rectangular Dielectric Resonators // Proc IEE-H. Feb. 1992. V. 139. P. 98-104.
  90. Mongia R.K., Ittipiboon A. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas // Trans. IEEE. Sept. 1997. V. AP-45. P. 1348-1356.
  91. Tsuji M. et al. Analytical and Experimental Considerations on the Resonant Frequency and the Quality Factor of Dielectric Resonators // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1982. V. MTT-11. P. 1952-1958.
  92. Mongia R.K., Bhartia P. Dielectric Resonator Antennas-A Review and General Design Relations for Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth // Intl J Microwave Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering. 1994. V. 4. P. 230-247.
  93. Mongia R.K., Ittipiboon A., Cuhaci M. Measurement of Radiation Effi ciency of Dielectric Resonator Antennas // IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett. March 1994. V. 4. P. 80-82.
  94. Mongia R.K. et al. Accurate Measurement of Q-Factors of Isolated Dielectric Resonators // Trans. IEEE. Aug. 1994. V. MTT-42. P. 1463-1467.
  95. Mongia R.K. Reduced Size Metallized Dielectric Resonator Antennas // IEEE AP Symp Dig. 1997. V. 35. P. 2202-2205.
  96. Li B., Leung K.W. Strip-Fed Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas with/without a Parasitic Patch // Trans. IEEE. July 2005. V. AP-53. P. 2200-2207.
  97. Luk K.M., Leung K.W. Dielectric Resonator Antennas / Research Studies Press Ltd. 2003.
  98. U.S. Patent Number 4,622,558. Toroidal Antenna. Corum J.F. 11 Nov. 1986.
  99. U.S. Patent Number 4,751,515. Electromagnetic Structure and Method. Corum J.F. 14 June 1988.
  100. Maclean T.S.M., Rahman F. Small Toroidal Antennas // Electronics Lett. 25 May 1978. V. 14. P. 339-340.
  101. Hansen R.C., Ridgley R. Modes of the Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 20 Dec. 1999. V. 23. P. 365-368.
  102. Hansen R.C., Ridgley R.D. Fields of the Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna // Trans. IEEE. Aug. 2001. V. AP-49. P. 1138-1141.
  103. Hansen R.C. Resonant Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna // Microwave Optical Tech. Lett. 20 June 2001. V. 29. P. 408-410.
  104. Miron D.B. A Study of the CTHA Based on Analytical Models // Trans. IEEE. Aug. 2001. V. AP-49. P. 1130-1137.
  105. Pert, F.A., Smith J.E., Nutter R.S. An Analysis of the CTHAs Resonance Currents and the Resulting Radiation Shapes // Trans. IEEE. Jan. 2005. V. AP-53. P. 377-385.
  106. Hansen R.C. Comments on «An Analysis of the CWTHA-s Resonance Currents and the Resulting Radiation Shapes» // Trans. IEEE. June 2005. V. AP-53. P. 2132.
  107. King R.W.P. et al. Transmission-Line Missile Antennas // Trans. IRE. Jan. 1960. V. AP-8. P. 88-90.
  108. Prasad S., King R.W.P. Experimental Study of Inverted L-, T-, and Related Transmission Line Antennas // J Res NBS. Sept. - Oct. 1961. V. 65D. P. 449-454.
  109. Guertler R.J.F. Isotropic Transmission-Line Antenna and Its Toroid-Pattern Modifi cation // Trans. IEEE. May 1977. V. AP-25. P. 386-392.
  110. Harrison C.W., King R.W.P. Folded Dipoles and Loops // Trans. IRE. March 1961. V. AP-9. P. 171-187.
  111. Boyer J.M. Hula-Hoop Antennas: A Coming Trend - // Electronics 11 Jan. 1963. P. 44-46.
  112. Nakano H. et al. A Curl Antenna // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1993. V. AP-41. P. 1570-1575.
  113. Burton R.W., King R.W.P. Theoretical Considerations and Experimental Results for the Hula-Hoop Antenna // Microwave J. Nov. 1963. V. 6. P. 89-90.
  114. Simpson T.L. The Disk Loaded Monopole Antenna // Trans. IEEE. Feb. 2004. V. AP-52. P. 542-550.
  115. Fenwick R.C. A New Class of Electrically Small Antennas // Trans. IEEE. May 1965. V. AP-13. P. 379-383.
  116. Halbjrner P. Electrically Small Unbalanced Four-Arm Wire Antenna // Trans. IEEE. June 2004. V. AP-52. P. 1424-1428.
  117. Lee S.H., Mei K.K. Analysis of Zigzag Antennas // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1970. V. AP-18. P. 760-764.
  118. Wanselow R.D., Milligan D.W. A Compact, Low Profile, Transmission Line Antenna-Tunable over Greater than Octave Bandwidth // Trans. IEEE. Nov. 1966. V. AP-14. P. 701-707.
  119. Trainotti V. Short Medium Frequency AM Antennas // Trans. IEEE Broadcasting. Sept. 2001. V. 47. P. 263-284.