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Journal Achievements of Modern Radioelectronics №12 for 2013 г.
Article in number:
Optically pumped cesium magnetometer
Keywords: magnetometer cesium extended cavity diode laser vertical cavity surface emitting laser optical pumping hyperfine structure noise
Authors:
V.L. Velichansky - Ph. D. (Phys.-Math.), P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail: vlvlab@yandex.ru
A.N. Kozlov - Dr. Sc. (Phys.-Math.), IZMI RAN. E-mail: kozlov@izmiran.ru
E.V. Zhivun - Post-graduate Student, Physics Department at UC Berkeley
S.A. Zibrov - Ph. D. (Phys.-Math.), Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail: szibrov@yandex.ru
V.V. Shutov - «Energycenter» Ltd. E-mail: Vitalyshutov@gmail.com
V.V. Vasil-ev - Research Scientist, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail: vvv@okb.lpi.troitsk.ru
A.K. Vershovskii - Dr. Sc. (Phys.-Math.), Ioffe Phys.-Tech. Inst. of RAS (St.-Petersburg). E-mail: vershovski@gmail.com
A.S. Pazgalev - Ph. D. (Phys.-Math.), Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. E-mail: pazgalev@ya.ru
Abstract:
The paper is devoted to the development of a laser-pumped quantum cesium Mx magnetometer assigned for measurements of small local variations of the terrestrial magnetic field. Such magnetometers areused in geological survey, archеology, medicine, and military applications. Different types of diode lasers are comparedand the possibilities to apply them for optical pumping of alkali atoms in compact devices are evaluated in the first part of the paper. The most important parameters for this kind of applications are availability of single mode operation, resistance of this regime to perturbation, and the line width. Advantages and disadvantages of the main workhorse-atoms in optically pumped magnetometers (potassium, rubidium, and cesium) are considered in the second part. We choose cesium atoms since they allow for the lowest power consumption of the cell heater. Potassium provides the highest sensitivity but needs the highest temperature, which is not compatible with handheld device. The principle of operation of Mx magnetometer is presented in the same part. An experimental set-up and measures of relevant «magnetic hygiene» required in the evaluations of small variations of terrestrial magnetic fields in the urbane surroundings are described in the third part. The measures include special unshielded laboratory in a house that has no metal part in construction, suppression of the line pick-ups by gradiometer technique, and building-up the calibration coil system, which provides stable magnetic field in the range 20-100 µT. The noise technique used to specify magnetic resonance (MR) is described. In the fourth part of the paper, the noise technique has is applied for characterization of a set of coated cells and cells filled with buffer gases. The same part gives results of the investigation of two-laser pumping and estimation of the effect of hyperfine optical depopulation of the working sublevel on the amplitude of the MR. It has been shown, that for properly selected power of optical pumping that does not lead to appreciable broadening of MR the mentioned loss of atoms only slightly decreases signal. Thus, technical problems involved with the incorporation of a second laser in a magnetometer are not justified. We also carried out experiments with optical pumping by linearly polarized light. The whole Zeeman structure of MR has been resolved in terrestrial magnetic field on decreasing laser intensity and the amplitude of RF field. The linear polarization provides the symmetrical shape of the MR line, which can decrease the heading error of magnetometer. A spin generator pumped by linearly polarized laser light has been realized and tested. It produced oscillation at the doubled Larmor frequency but demonstrated smaller signal-to-noise ratio so that circular polarization has been preferred for a model of magnetometer. The last part describes the developed model of magnetometer. The substitution of the resonant gas-discharge lamp of 3W power consumption by VCSEL laser whose consumption is about 5 mW makes it possible to reject heavy batteries in spite of the addition of GPS/GLONASS receiver and a modern display in the model. Thus, operating parameters of magnetometer model are improved as compared with those of a prototype magnetometer(«ПКМ-1М») while keeping its metrological characteristics.
Pages: 43-59
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