P.E. Slyadnikov1, N.V. Toutova2, A.G. Erokhin3, A.V. Eliseev4, A.V. Rozhnov5

1–3 Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, MTUCI (Moscow, Russia)
4, 5 V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of the RAS (Moscow, Russia)
1 p.e.slyadnikov@mtuci.ru, 2 e-natasha@mail.ru, 3 a.g.erokhin@mtuci.ru, 4 eliseev@ipu.ru, 5 rozhnov@ipu.ru

The integration of blockchain technologies into heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) networks is complicated by the tension between blockchain's high demands on computing resources, memory, and network availability, on the one hand, and the significant diversity of IoT devices (from powerful gateways to energy‑constrained microcontrollers), on the other. Static blockchain infrastructure models that ignore this diversity lead to overload of weak nodes and rapid exhaustion of autonomous devices.

This paper proposes a mathematical model for optimizing blockchain infrastructure for heterogeneous IoT networks. The problem is formulated as mixed‑integer nonlinear programming with 4+2n variables, where n is the number of nodes. The objective function minimizes a weighted sum of normalized criteria (including the inverse of throughput, latency, energy consumption, and operating costs), subject to decentralization requirements, security constraints, and resource limitations. A Python software prototype implementing a genetic algorithm and a greedy heuristic was developed.

The effectiveness of these methods was demonstrated using a 100‑node network. Key trade‑offs were identified: between committee size and consensus latency, throughput and energy consumption, and replication reliability versus storage costs. Target throughput levels were achieved with acceptable latency and operational costs.

The model enables engineers to move from empirical design to evidence‑based configuration, ensuring long-term network sustainability and fair load distribution under real‑world hardware diversity. Future work includes the application of machine learning and adaptive algorithms to dynamic IoT networks.

Slyadnikov P.E., Toutova N.V., Erokhin A.G., Eliseev A.V., Rozhnov A.V. Integration of blockchain technologies in the IoT infrastructure with heterogeneous nodes // Dynamics of complex systems. 2026. V. 20. № 4. P. 74−85. DOI: 10.18127/j19997493-202604-06

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